中国现代泛印象主义文学批评的文化品格

“印象的批评”是旨在强化批评家个性主体意识和主观情感评价功能、以主观的和印象的审美眼光评价文学的一种泛化批评形态。中国现代泛印象主义文学批评在20年代和30年代中国现代文化语境中成为文坛上的一道独特风景线。他们所倡导的文学批评的自由与宽容、创造与超越的理论品格,对20世纪中国现代文学中的历史主义和政治论、道德论文艺批评,具有本体论意义上的借鉴意义和认识价值。     

Demonised,impoverished and now forced into isolation: the fate of disabled people under austerity

Disability Living Allowance (DLA) was introduced in the United Kingdom explicitly to help offset the extra costs of disability. The scrapping of DLA and its replacement with the so-called Personal Independence Payment is causing massive concern across the United Kingdom, not least because it comes in the wake of a large number of other cuts, all of which impact disproportionately on disabled people. These changes reflect the retraction of ‘welfare’ across many European countries. As the government has refused to perform a cumulative impact assessment to date, it has been left to grassroots organisations such as DPAC to assess the damage and put the bigger picture together. An article in the New Statesman reports research showing that by 2018 disabled people are set to lose an astonishing £28.3 billion worth of financial support. These changes are going to affect up to 3.7 million disabled people in total.     

用电补贴的政策分析

利用数学模型方法 ,对用电补贴的政策效率进行了研究 ,分析和比较了收入补贴与价格补贴的优缺点 ,给出了结论和建议。     

节约市场交易费用的企业观及其超越

科斯、张五常等以通用性资产为分析对象,认为企业的出现是由于节约市场交易费用的需要。威廉姆森等人则以专用性资产为分析对象,认为由于合约的不完全性和人的机会主义倾向,因而专用性资产的市场交易费用会很高,企业可以通过特殊的治理结构降低这种交易费用。以上节约市场交易费用的企业观意味着在企业资源禀赋既定的条件下,企业的效率不可能超过所节约的市场交易费用值,显然这是不符合现实的。事实上,企业既能节约市场交易费用,也能通过促使资产的专用性水平的提高而获得产出效率的提高。     

Cash versus Child Care Services in Finland

In 1985 the Finnish Parliament passed a law which stipulated that all children under age three were to be guaranteed a day care place as from the beginning of the 1990s. The law was made possible by a political compromise in which the agrarian Centre Party won the backing it needed to push through a system of state subsidies for the home care of children. As an alternative to a day care place, parents were now given the option of taking a child home care allowance and using that allowance either for purposes of looking after their child themselves or for paying for a private place. Measured in terms of the number of users, the child home care allowance was a hugely successful innovation. Most parents of small children have used the allowance for at least some period of time. This was due above all to the size of the allowance compared with other social benefits. However, following cutbacks in allowance expenditure of more than 20 per cent from 1995, the use of home care allowances declined at almost the same rate as the allowances were reduced. This brought significant short-term savings to the Government and to local authorities, but in the longer term other costs have been rising. There has even been a sharp, unexpected decline in the birth rate. The case of Finland goes to show that, even in a country where wage-earning motherhood has become firmly established, income transfers through family policy can have a very significant influence on the numbers opting temporarily for homemaking.     

城市最低生活保障退出机制研究

低保退出机制是城市最低生活保障制度的重要组成部分,它的建立对于完善城市最低生活保障制度意义重大。但目前低保退出机制相对滞后,制度运行中的负激励效应、低保标准较低、福利依赖、收入核定难是其主要困境所在。改革福利扣减制,实行负所得税制,建立分类救助模式与脱贫扶助体系,完善家庭收入核定手段,对低保对象实施动态管理等是构建我国城市最低生活保障退出机制的有效途径。     

Reviewing changes to the Child Disability Allowance: Giving parents a voice

Abstract

The Diabetes Clinic at Princess Margaret Hospital for Children has been concerned at the impact of changes made in 1998 to eligibility for the Child Disability Allowance on families caring for a child with diabetes. A survey of those families was conducted to obtain their views on the changes. Results showed the number of families receiving Child Disability Allowance since the changes has significantly declined. Parents indicated the allowance should be automatic for children with insulin dependent diabetes as the disability is chronic, incurable, requires extra care and attention, and is a financial and emotional burden for families. Many felt the application process was unjust, incomplete and inadequate. The results formed part of a submission to the Department of Family and Community Services evaluation, giving parents a voice in this process. This project illustrates the capacity of social workers to attempt to impact on social policy within the context of their clinical practice.     

Employment and Support Allowance,the ‘summer budget’ and less eligible disabled people

In the first UK budget by a Conservative Government for 18 years, £13 billion per annum savings in social security spending by 2020/21 were announced. Of these, 4.9% (£640 million per annum, and up to £900 million in the years after 2020) is to come from the withdrawal from April 2017 of the work-related component of the Employment and Support Allowance. This means that new claimants will be worse off by £29.05 per week (2015/16 figures) than would have been the case had the measure not been introduced. This brief commentary critically analyses this development as the extension of an ideological assault upon the out-of-work benefits for disabled people which has been gathering momentum for about a decade in the hope of forcing such people into competing for wage work in the open market.     

公共预算转移支付反贫困瞄准：以低保为例的ROC方法分析

本文使用中国家庭动态跟踪调查（CFPS）数据，基于代理工具测试模型（Proxy means testing,PMT）并结合ROC曲线方法（Receiver Operating Characteristics）研究低保的反贫困瞄准问题。结果显示：城市单个贫困指数以卫生间类型、电脑拥有情况来衡量较为有效，农村单个贫困指数则以户主年龄、冰箱拥有情况来衡量较为有效。更改贫困概率门槛值会影响公共预算转移支付贫困瞄准结果，对于一个较低的贫困概率门槛值，其对应的覆盖率（公共预算转移支付覆盖贫困人口）和漏损率（非贫困人口被纳入公共预算转移支付）都比较高。当政策制定者把对覆盖贫困人口和排除非贫困人口的目标赋予同等权重时，城乡贫困概率门槛值约为0.5左右。当贫困率较低且使用与贫困率相同的瞄准率时，基于PMT模型的贫困瞄准较差。在贫困率给定的条件下，随着受益比率（包含率）的增加，贫困瞄准的精确性在提高。使用全覆盖所需预算的百分比下降时，覆盖率和漏损率也都呈现下降态势，贫困率逐渐上升，预算中做覆盖之用的比例上升，而预算中漏损部分的比例下降。贫困线的变动会影响覆盖率、漏损率。