哈贝马斯的伦理思想研究——兼与麦金太尔相比较

随着自由主义和社群主义等流派划分的出现,流行观念认为它们之间具有不可通约性,进而在研究中过分注重它们的差异、区分,而忽视了它们之间的内在关联性。在梳理哈贝马斯对历史和现实的考察过程时,力图尝试将麦金太尔的社群理论和哈贝马斯的自由主义立场进行比较,在寻求他们共同性的前提下来论述他们的差异,并以此为背景进一步考察哈贝马斯的商谈伦理原则的建构。     

麦金太尔对现代西方社会的道德批判

麦金太尔通过对现代西方社会的道德批判,揭示出现代西方社会的道德实践和理论都处于深刻的危机之中;其症结在于启蒙运动对道德合理性论证的失败,其深层原因是启蒙运动以来拒斥了亚里士多德的美德传统。因此,他认为要拯救现代西方社会就要恢复亚里士多德的美德传统,及其在现代社会的生机。     

Research as Profession and Practice: Frameworks for Guiding the Responsible Conduct of Research

Programs in the responsible conduct of research (RCR) vary between institutions, demonstrated by disparate structures and goals. These variations may be attributed to the absence of grounding frameworks within which to examine research and RCR education programs. This article examines research as a practice and a profession, using these frames to draw out defining features of research and the moral obligations entailed. Situating research within virtue ethics can clarify how researchers might cultivate the virtues necessary for meeting its obligations and aims. By elucidating these features, these perspectives can serve to guide the development of RCR education programs.     

The Man in the Red Coat—Management in the Circus

Authored by a circus performer/manager and an academic, this paper uses concepts from the work of Alasdair MacIntyre to interpret ethnographic material from the traditional circus. The paper outlines MacIntyre’s conceptual architecture of goods, practices and institutions in which exercise of the virtues by those who manage the institution is required to maintain the integrity of practices. Such exercise is one defining feature of what MacIntyre calls ‘practice‐based communities’. Following a discussion of method it uses ethnographic material to describe the organisation of work in the circus and the self‐understanding of the managerial role of ringmaster. A series of incidents illustrate the use of the virtue of phronêsis, practical judgement in this role to maintain the integrity of the practice. The paper concludes by considering the extent to which travelling circus may be considered an example of the practice‐based community.     

麦金太尔的历史主义:三种不同的版本

麦金太尔以历史主义闻名于世,但是为了避免陷入相对主义,他不得不一再修正自己的观点,以致出现了三种不同版本的历史主义:第一种版本的历史主义初现于《德性之后》,第二种版本的历史主义体现在《谁之正义?何种合理性?》,而第三种版本的历史主义表现于"道德相对主义、真理和证明"之中。     

麦金太尔与传统德性理论的复兴

麦金太尔认为现代西方道德生活和伦理理论处于深刻的危机中,要摆脱这个危机,就要向亚里士多德的传统德性理论回归。通过分析西方近代以来的道德哲学,可知近代的道德证明都是失败的,传统的德性理论有助于我们寻求道德的形而上依据。中西传统的道德哲学可说是异旨同归,都强调人对价值、对善的追求,强调人的道德生命,认为德性是人本性意义上的目的,追求最高的善和极至的美。     

国内麦金太尔思想研究现状

作为当代最有影响的伦理学家之一,麦金太尔对当代西方伦理学的发展做出了重大贡献,特别是在推动美德伦理学复兴方面贡献巨大。一些思想敏锐的学者在他身上看到了道德哲学典范转移的征兆。国内关注麦金太尔思想的学者越来越多且有不断增多的趋势;中国学者对麦金太尔思想的研究已经超越了翻译和介绍的水平,很多学者的研究相当深入。