“三鹿奶粉事件”中生鲜乳收购站的产品责任分析

将初级农产品作为产品责任法中的"产品",其生产者认定为产品责任承担主体,加大对消费者的保护力度,是世界产品责任立法的发展趋势.我国应将生鲜乳等初级农产品纳入产品责任的"产品"范围之内,让缺陷初级农产品生产者对受损害的消费者直接承担产品责任,以有效遏制和防范产品质量安全事件的频发.在 "三鹿奶粉事件"中,缺陷生鲜乳的生产者--收购站应承担产品责任.在产品责任构成要件方面,应该适当降低消费者对因果关系的证明标准.     

Health Risk Assessment After Decontamination of the Beaches Polluted by the Wrecked ERIKA Tanker

Following the wreck of the oil tanker ERIKA off the north-west coast of France in December 1999, cleaning up of the beaches involved considerable work, which in any case could not be perfect. This raised the question of the short- and long-term health risks for the future bathers related to the toxicity of the remaining oil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This risk assessment study was conducted to help health authorities plan risk management policies and inform the public. Thirty-six beaches were selected, representing a sample of the most frequently encountered topographic and beach usage situations; seven "control" beaches, unspoiled by ERIKA, were also investigated. Samples of water and sand were taken from each site, as well as from the surface of rocks. The 16 PAHs selected by the U.S. EPA were quantified in each environment. Several scenarios of exposure were contemplated: (1) a child between 2 and 4 years accidentally ingesting a small ball of fuel, (2) a child daily exposed throughout his holiday-time stay, (3) an adult (including a pregnant woman) spending his/her holidays on the coast, (4) an adult working on the beach, (5) and an adult practicing water sports. Among the available and significant toxicological values, the most conservative ones were selected for computing risks. The sand and water, after decontamination, were slightly polluted (respectively, 7.8 microg/kg and 23.3 ng/l of total 16 PAHs), with values similar to those found in the control beaches. By contrast, the rocky areas in some places were still highly polluted (up to 23 mg/kg on the surface layer). No lethal risk was found for a young child who had accidentally ingested a small ball of fuel. The life-long excess risks for skin cancer and for all other cancers were about 10-5 in scenarios including contact with the polluted rocks. In all other cases, excess risks were considerably lower. The hazard quotient for teratogenic effects was very small, except in scenarios where pregnant women would walk among rocks containing high pollution levels. In conclusion, exposure was mainly associated with polluted water among children, and with spoiled rocks for adults. Despite uncertainties, mainly dealing with the prediction of long-term risks following a short-term exposure, this study showed that beaches where pollution was no longer visible after decontamination did not entail any significant health risks and could be opened to the public.     

The pitman nearness criterion and its determination

A general method for determining Pitman Nearness is given In the case of univariate estimators. This method is then applied to some estimation problems. The concept of Pitman Nearness is also generalized to the multivariate case. The James-Stein estimators are used to illustrate the multivariate comparison.     

Operating Characteristics of a Subset Selection Procedure Applied to a Hybrid Randomized Response Model

The operating characteristics (OCs) of a subset ranking and selection procedure are derived for the hybrid randomized response model developed by Jia and McDonald (2009 Jia, F., McDonald, G. (2009). Analyzing hybrid randomized response data with a binomial selection procedure. Commun. Statist. Theor. Meth. 38:784807.[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). The OCs include the probability of a correct P(CS), the individual selection probability γ_i, and the expected subset size E(S), under the slippage configuration or the equi-spaced configuration. An example comparing failure rates of contraceptive methods is used to illustrate the use of these new results.     

高校职业道德教育应强化意志培养

本文通过分析三鹿集团破产的原因,揭示了职业道德意志培养的重要性,并对高校学生职业道德意志的培养提出相应的对策。     

爽口鲜果啤酒果冻制作工艺

本品以魔芋粉、啤酒、新鲜果肉辅以胶凝剂为主要原料,运用正交试验法对果冻的加工工艺进行了研究。结果表明:魔芋0.9%,卡拉胶0.5%,海藻酸钠0.2%,黄原胶0.005%,磷酸氢钙0.04%,柠檬酸钾0.05%,柠檬酸1.6%,白沙糖5%,甜蜜素0.1%,啤酒30%的工艺参数可研制出组织状态均匀一致,色泽清淡透明,口感清凉爽口的果冻。     

The effects of normal mixtures and autocorrelation on the fraction non-conforming

In this article, the effects of mixtures of two normal distributions on the fraction non-conforming are studied in the context of capability analysis. When the output from several processes is mixed, the quality characteristic variables of the resulting mix may result in a normal mixture distribution. This can happen in cases such as monitoring an output from several suppliers, several machines, or several workers. This study considered the independence case and autocorrelated processes for a mixture of two normal distributions, using an autoregressive model of order one, AR(1). It is shown that the true attained process fraction non-conforming (corresponding to specific values for some capability index) can be very different from what is expected when the data are independent normal random variables.     

Association between expressed breast milk feeding and breastfeeding duration in Hong Kong mothers

BackgroundExpressed breast milk feeding has increased substantially in the past two decades. Once used primarily for preterm infants, feeding expressed breast milk is now more common in mothers giving birth to healthy term infants. However, the effect of expressed breast milk feeding on breastfeeding duration is unclear.ObjectivesTo assess the association between breast milk expression practices and breastfeeding duration in women giving birth to healthy infants.MethodsFrom 2017 to 2018, we recruited 821 new mothers from two public hospitals in Hong Kong. Participants were followed up at 1.5, 3, and 6 months postpartum or until they stopped breastfeeding. The proportion, type, and mode of all milk feeding were assessed at each follow-up.ResultsAt 1.5 months postpartum, 47.9%, 37.7%, and 14.4% of participants were feeding by direct breastfeeding only, mixed-mode feeding, and expressed breast milk only, respectively. Participants feeding expressed breast milk only were more likely to be supplementing with infant formula. When compared with participants who provided only direct breastfeeding, participants who gave only expressed breast milk at 1.5 months had 57% lower odds of breastfeeding continuation at three months postpartum. After stratification by infant formula supplementation, expressed breast milk feeding only at 1.5 months was associated with an increased risk of breastfeeding cessation in participants supplementing with infant formula (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.17–2.95).ConclusionIn the first six months postpartum, giving only expressed breast milk is associated with early breastfeeding cessation, especially in participants who are also supplementing with infant formula.     

Methodology for setting risk-based concentrations of contaminants in soil and groundwater and application to a model contaminated site

In Japan, environmental standards for contaminants in groundwater and in leachate from soil are set with the assumption that they are used for drinking water over a human lifetime. Where there is neither a well nor groundwater used for drinking, the standard is thus too severe. Therefore, remediation based on these standards incurs excessive effort and cost. In contrast, the environmental-assessment procedure used in the United States and the Netherlands considers the site conditions (land use, existing wells, etc.); however, a risk assessment is required for each site. Therefore, this study proposes a new framework for judging contamination in Japan by considering the merits of the environmental standards used and a method for risk assessment. The framework involves setting risk-based concentrations that are attainable remediation goals for contaminants in soil and groundwater. The framework was then applied to a model contaminated site for risk management, and the results are discussed regarding the effectiveness and applicability of the new methodology.     

从三鹿奶粉事件看诚信与成功

诚信是现代市场经济运行中一种重要的新的资本形态,是一个企业精神财富和生命所在。不守“诚信”,或许可“赢一时之利”,但一定会“失长久之利”。无诚信就无成功。财富品质的核心是诚信,诚信立业,诚信致富。诚信乃做人之根本,有诚信才有成功。