Cognitive and interpersonal abilities related to the primary activities of R&D managers

This study attempted to identify the primary activities performed by R&D managers at different supervisory levels, and the cognitive and interpersonal ability requirements that underlie these activities. A task inventory containing 244 managerial tasks was completed by 117 R&D managers in nine organizations. The 48 tasks which managers rated as having spent the most time were factor analyzed, resulting in the identification of three primary activities: project management, personnel supervision, and strategic planning. Furthermore, these activities varied with supervisory level, with R&D managers performing a wider range of these activities with the progression from first-line to upper-level management.Thirty R&D managers later rated the degree to which 19 cognitive and interpersonal abilities were required for performing these primary activities. Strategic planning was rated as requiring significantly higher levels of oral expression, logical reasoning, originality, fluency of ideas, oral defense, and resistance to premature judgement than was required for the other two primary activities. Personnel supervision required a higher level of social sensitivity than was required for the other two activities. Project management required high levels of information ordering, oral fact- finding ability, problem sensitivity, and oral and written comprehension. Implications of the findings for understanding R&D managerial performance and personnel staffing functions are discussed.     

创新活动空间集聚及其驱动因素国外研究进展评述

对国外有关创新活动空间集聚的研究文献进行梳理,分析了现有研究取得的成就和存在的问题,对未来研究的几个待突破的方面进行了展望。     

信息载体演变与编辑出版活动的历史关系

信息载体的演变过程可分为四个时期:甲骨时期、简帛时期、纸质时期、电子时期。中国的编辑活动从有文字记录的文献产生就已经开始了。甲骨时期的编辑活动主要是从事文献材料的收集、分类编序,使其便于收藏和流传;简帛时期是中国编辑业务的奠基时期,中国历史上出现了书籍编辑活动;纸质时期编辑工作得到了很大的发展,在社会上逐渐形成一种专门的职业,而且其分工也越来越细,出现了不同专业的编辑业务;电子时期为编辑业务的内容和形式又开辟了新的领域。信息载体的演变与社会对信息存储、交流及传承需求之间是辩证关系。编辑活动的历史表明,社会物质生产方式的进步为信息载体演变提供了物质基础,而信息载体的演变决定着编辑活动的发展,反之,编辑活动的需求又加快了信息载体演变的进程。中国的编辑活动经历了收藏编辑、著述编辑、出版编辑和电子编辑四个阶段。     

浅论明清徽州的宗族办学活动

明清时期徽州教育非常发达,这是徽州强大的宗族势力重视教育的结果。宗族主要靠兴办族塾、书院和文会等各种类型的学校培养子弟。此外,宗族还重视延聘名师,资助族内贫寒子弟。这些措施是明清时期徽州一府文化繁荣、经济发达的重要保证。     

明清商人经营活动趋向研究

明清时期的商品经济不断发展 ,商人组织不断完善 ,商人的经营活动呈现出集团化、职业化、土著化、缙绅化等趋向 ,这些推动了明清城市经济的发展及商人阶层的不断壮大 ,为中国走向近代化积蓄了力量     

郁达夫南洋时期文艺活动及其影响

郁达夫南洋时期积极倡导现实主义文艺理论,加强了马华文学现实主义创作思潮的地位,提高了马华文学的创作质量。郁达夫的文艺实践活动,为马华文坛培养了一大批有影响的作家,留下珍贵文学遗产,促进了当地文艺的发展,具有深远影响。     

关于赛珍珠研究的几个有待深入的问题

赛珍珠研究还有几个有待深入的问题:1 关于赛珍珠可不可以写入20世纪中国文学史的问题,可以从作家对自我身份的认定以及从作品的性质来决定。赛珍珠多次说自己"也是一个中国人",而她的作品大部分跟中国20世纪30年代的"乡土文学"有着紧密的血缘关系,因此她可以写入中国文学史。2 如何评价当年的西方传教活动及赛珍珠的传教士身份,总体上说,西方的传教活动对开启民智、加速中华民族的现代文明进程起到了一定的推动作用。赛珍珠是一位真诚善良、热心为中国人民服务的人。3 怎样评价赛珍珠的贡献,要看到她的"人桥"作用的特点本意在中美双方的"沟通"上,但重在对双方文化的匡正和建设上。4 要加强有关资料的搜集与整理。     

浅谈美国学校教育特色

美国学校教育注重培养学生适应社会、生活的能力 ,结合丰富多彩的课外活动 ,为学生提供广泛的选修课程的机会 ,以促进学生个性特长及能力的培养     

城市老年人社会活动参与对其健康的影响--基于CHARLS 2011年数据

基于2011年“中国健康与养老追踪调查”全国基线调查数据,研究城市老年人社会活动参与对其健康的影响。研究结果发现社会活动参与对老年人日常生活活动能力、抑郁情绪均有显著影响。社会活动参与越多的老年人,在日常生活活动能力方面表现得越好;抑郁情绪也越少。可见,社会活动参与能有效改善老年人的健康水平。本文的研究结论支持了活动理论的观点,即老年人参与社会活动,可以增进他们的身体和心理健康水平。此外,本文还发现性别、年龄、婚姻状况、医疗保险、吸烟、喝酒等变量均对老年人健康有显著影响。     

Bringing ‘invisible’ side activities to light. A case study of rural female entrepreneurs in the Veenkoloniën,the Netherlands

Over the past 20 years, rural areas in Western societies have transformed from a production to a consumption space. Much research on rural diversification and revitalization has focused on farmers and their wives. However, it is useful to examine side activities run by non-farm women which have slowly emerged in the last few years. In view of discussions about rural decline, the value of such activities should be looked at in a new light. Although these activities may not significantly reverse unemployment figures, they have the potential to provide the social and emotional ‘glue’ to motivate a household to remain in declining areas as small-scale economic activities contribute to a better quality of life and a higher level of well-being. In this article we draw on the personal stories of women who undertake side activities in the Veenkoloniën, the Netherlands. We explore the factors that enable these women to start a side activity and the related organizational and emotional struggles they face while running such activities within the perimeter of their home. We further highlight the importance of side activities for the empowerment of women in rural households.