Parental Identity and Reflected‐Appraisals: Measurement and Gender Dynamics

A new theoretical model for parental identity, reflected‐appraisals, and behavior was proposed. Parental identity and behavior in married parents were then investigated as a function of partner's and perceived reflected‐appraisals, taking into account gender context effects. Sixty‐four married couples completed the Caregiving and Breadwinning Identity and Reflected‐Appraisal Inventory (CBIRAI), developed for this study to assess parental caregiving and breadwinning identity and reflected‐appraisals, as well as caregiving and breadwinning behavior measures. The model was confirmed for fathers and partially confirmed for mothers. Specifically, caregiving identity and behavior in fathers, and breadwinning identity in mothers were functions of perceived reflected‐appraisals. Limitations and implications are discussed.     

论“有专门知识的人”参与刑事诉讼——兼论《刑事诉讼法》第192条

"有专门知识的人"参与刑事诉讼的制度具有保障当事人对鉴定意见的质证权、辅助法官对是否采信鉴定意见作出判断、使重新鉴定申请和决定依据更加充分等功能和价值。其积极作用的奏效,亟待解决如下理论问题:"有专门知识的人"的诉讼地位、中立性、意见效力、选任资格及启动程序等。"有专门知识的人"应界定为"专家辅助人",属于广义的诉讼参与人。他们具有倾向性的问题,要完善启动和选任程序,确保其客观公正地提出意见。可由各省高院牵头成立"专家库",由法庭根据控辩要求从中择优聘请。"有专门知识的人"出庭的费用由司法经费出资以确保其立场中立。     

我国司法鉴定制度与刑事司法改革的冲突与协调

我国刑事司法鉴定中存在着很多问题,严重影响了刑事诉讼对公正和效率的追求,干扰了刑事司法改革的进展。全国人大常委会《关于司法鉴定管理问题的决定》,针对司法鉴定管理制度的问题,提出了较为现实的改革方案,即通过理顺司法鉴定工作的管理体制和运行机制,建立独立、公正的司法鉴定体制。这个决定对规范我国刑事司法鉴定必将起到积极的作用。     

College Women's Sexual Decision Making: Cognitive Mediation of Alcohol Expectancy Effects

Abstract

Objective: Alcohol has been linked to a variety of risky sexual practices, including inconsistent condom use. Due to the high rates of alcohol consumption among underage college women, greater understanding of the role of alcohol in young women's sexual decision making is warranted. Participants and Methods: Female underage (18- to 20-year-old) social drinkers (N = 94) participated in an experiment in which they projected themselves into a written hypothetical sexual situation with a new partner. One half of the situations portrayed alcohol consumption; one half did not involve alcohol consumption. Their appraisals of the situation's sexual potential, impelling and inhibiting cognitions, and sexual behavior intentions were assessed. Results: Results revealed that alcohol's expectancy effects on young women's unprotected sexual intentions were mediated by their cognitive appraisals of the situation. Conclusions: These findings indicate that alcohol expectancies and their influence on women's sexual decisions should be incorporated into sexual risk reduction efforts.     

组织公正感与绩效评估公正感的结构

本文介绍了组织公正感与绩效评估公正感结构的研究进展,分析了分配公正、程序公正、系统程序公正、评估者程序公正、互动公正、人际公正和信息公正的内涵,总结了公正维度间的区别与联系,指出了明确绩效评估公正感结构的意义。     

企业绩效考核：平衡计分卡与计划任务

传统的以财务指标为核心的绩效考核系统太注重结果,很容易导致企业经营者的短期行为发生,平衡计分卡概念的提出,改变了这种状况,它以企业的战略和远景为核心,从财务、顾客满意度、内部经营以及学习与成长四个方面对企业的各个岗位的业绩进行考核,考核方式由结果控制转向了过程控制。但在绩效考核中的具体量化要求也给平衡计分卡提出了难以回避的问题,针对这些难点,文章提出了计划任务法予以补充,在简要介绍平衡计分卡概念和实际运作中主要程序之后,结合实践中出现的问题进行讨论,提出在平衡计分卡考核基础上引入计划任务法,使企业绩效考核体系更加完善和实用。     

Marital Conflict and Children's Adjustment: Parental Hostility and Children's Interpretations as Mediators

The associations between marital conflict, maternal and paternal hostility, children's interpretations of marital conflict, and children's adjustment were examined in a sample of 136 school‐aged children and their parents. Observational measures were collected from videotapes of marital interaction and family interaction. Self‐report data were collected from parents and children. Results showed that mothers’ and fathers’ hostility mediated the association between martial conflict and children's internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Children's feelings of being to blame for marital conflict and being threatened by it mediated between marital conflict and children's internalizing problems but not their externalizing problems.     

The effects of leadership style on stress outcomes

The present study manipulated transformational and transactional leadership styles to examine their influence on individuals' performance on a stressful task, and on perceived social support, self-efficacy beliefs, emotions, and stressor appraisals. In addition, this study examined whether these variables mediated the relationship between leadership style and performance. Two hundred fourteen participants viewed video instructions for a stressful task presented by an actor depicting one of three leadership styles (transformational, transactional-contingent reward, and transactional-management by exception). Participants' psychological, emotional, and motivational responses to the videos were assessed prior to their engagement with the task. The transformational leadership condition was associated with enhanced task performance, higher social support perceptions, greater efficacy beliefs, lower negative affect, and lower threat appraisals compared to the transactional conditions. Causal modeling revealed that leadership style had a direct, rather than indirect, effect on task performance. The present research extends leadership research by providing an experimental evaluation of the costs/benefits of transformational and transactional leadership under stressful task conditions. Some of the results parallel those from correlational field studies, thus corroborating transformational leadership theory while other results diverge from theory, but present opportunities for future research.     

Group dynamics on multidimensional object threat appraisals

The literature on attitudes toward objects includes seminal research on threat appraisals indicating that individuals locate an object in a multidimensional threat appraisal space defined by the object's perceived degree of being good or bad, weak or strong, and passive or active. We advance this research in three ways. First, we generalize the information integration on an object with the inclusion of other individuals’ displayed appraisals, and posit the existence of a dynamical system of information integration that generates a network of interpersonal influences on group members’ object appraisals. Second, we show that this influence system entails a set of non-obvious and rarely violated constraints on individuals’ settled appraisals. Third, with data collected in experiments on groups’ appraisals of images of nine animals and two nations, Russia and North Korea, we report empirical findings that support the existence of this system and its predicted constraints on individuals’ object appraisals.     

Examining the effects of negative affectivity on self- and supervisor ratings of job stressors: the role of stressor observability

In this study, we investigated job stressor ratings through Lazarus' transactional stress theory and the usefulness of supervisor ratings as an alternative to employee self-reports. Based on the finding that negative affectivity (NA) causes incumbents to over-report job stressors, we hypothesized that supervisors may also be affected by their NA when appraising an incumbent's job stressors. Building upon the literatures on judgement processes and social-cognitive information processing, we further hypothesized that stressor observability is an important boundary condition. Specifically, we hypothesized that the impact of NA on both self- and supervisor-reported job stressors should increase as stressor observability decreases. Moreover, we hypothesized that incumbent and supervisor ratings would converge less as stressor observability decreases. Data from 260 incumbent-supervisor dyads showed that stressor observability reduced the impact of supervisor NA on supervisor ratings (but not the impact of incumbent NA on incumbent stressor ratings). Further, as hypothesized, incumbent and supervisor ratings showed less convergence the less observable the stressor was. The results highlight the importance of personal and situational factors in the stressor appraisal process – an issue that advances both research and practice in the field of stressor ratings.