民族学的民族国家形态及其他——中国民族学史散论

本文围绕民族学/人类学的民族国家形态、民族学和中国的现代性、殖民主义和中国民族学等三个论题,结合中国民族学的发展史,对中国民族学知识的发展及其性质展开深入的理论探讨和反思。其中,对民族学知识中国形态的发展及其学术价值所作的细致分析,以及对现代性和殖民主义在中国民族学发展上的影响所给予的分析和评价,对理解中国民族学史的发展,提供了较为新颖的视角。     

Consultancy to a Care Home: The Influences of Family and Gender Roles,and of Race and Colonialism

This paper is an account and critical analysis of the psychodynamic and systemic consultancy that the author provided to a care home (and the voluntary organisation running it) over a period of about 16 months. In addition two emergent, linked themes are identified and discussed: family and gender roles in care homes, and racism and colonialism. Care homes are of course part of the society in which they exist and of which they are a product. This means that all the overt and covert psychological and social pressures, defences and trends that occur in the wider society, for individuals, families, groups and communities are also to be found in care homes and in the organisations that run them. They are not isolated from these forces, indeed, it is argued in this paper, the forces are intensified in the ‘hot house’ environment of a care home and, if ignored, avoided and denied, result in the exploitation, abuse and neglect of both staff and residents.     

Policing native pleasures: a colonial history

The moral modality of colonial power is still with us when it comes to the recreation of sexual norms of traditional or feudal society. We can examine the emergent properties of colonial knowledge anew by exploring how the colonial regime's strategic attention of regulating brothels in India differed from the analytic of power Foucault described for sexuality in European society. It turns out that amongst other things, public anxieties about the failure of adaptation by South Asians are incapable of leaving sexuality aside as a key interpretive device for their culture. The British preoccupation with reproducing the dynamics of the bourgeois matrimonial market on foreign soil in the mid‐nineteenth century similarly necessitated a sociological pretext for racial purity. However, the kind of knowledge a typical traveller and employee of the East India Company brought to the Victorian public from his own researches in the brothels and streets of colonial India, which revealed how popular prostitution was as a vice amongst the officer class, was also more than a welcome imaginary relief from Christian morality; it was an alternative vision of modernity.     

博弈下的暗涌——解读20世纪中期英国加勒比流散文学

20世纪中期英国殖民统治逐渐走向衰落,与此同时美国正在迅速崛起,曾称霸一时的英国文化面临着被其取代甚至同化的危机。因此英国文化不断寻找着既能助其保持殖民统治,又能抵制美国化的同盟军。它们在英国加勒比移民文化中找到了可团结的力量,以此一度对加勒比移民采取拉拢的态度。反映在文学上,加勒比流散文学也需要这种拉拢才能得到英国主流文化的承认,并确立其在英国的地位,因此欣然接受拉拢,甚至主动向其靠拢;但流散书写总是不断对自我身份进行重新审视,这使加勒比作家进一步反抗殖民主义和帝国主义对其的统治。由此,二者之间虽呈现出短暂的、反常的融洽,但这种平衡终究会被打破。20世纪中期英国加勒比流散文学正是这一特殊时期的典型反映。     

A transient presence: black visitors and sojourners in Imperial Germany, 1884–1914

The onset of German colonial rule in Africa brought increasing numbers of black men and women to Germany. Pre-1914 the vast majority of these Africans can best be described as visitors or sojourners and the black population as a whole was a transient one. This makes recovering their presence in the archival record exceptionally difficult and it is not surprising that the existing historiography is dominated by biographies of well-documented lives. Through utilising a number of recently digitised archival materials, particularly the Hamburg Passenger Lists, this article draws upon a database with information on 1094 individuals from sub-Saharan Africa who spent time in Germany over the period 1884–1914 in order to widen our understanding of the black presence as a whole. It offers new insights and detail into the composition and character of this fluid population – where visitors came from, why they came to Germany, their age on arrival – as well as more accurate information on the temporal and spatial distribution of African visitors.     

Unruly Voices in the Museum

ABSTRACT

This article addresses the use of audio recordings and oral memory for the critical engagement with colonial pasts in ethnographic museums by focusing on the traveling exhibition What We See, curated by Anette Hoffmann (2009). Specifically, it draws on Jeffrey Feldman's notion of colonial “contact points,” i.e. material traces of colonial encounter, to highlight the exhibition's ability to convey and critique the sensory experience of colonial contact. In What We See, this colonial contact consisted in an anthropometric project conducted in South-West Africa, today's Namibia, in 1931, resulting in an archive of anthropometric measurements and photographs, life-casts, and phonographic recordings. The exhibition proposed an innovative way of reworking this archive by staging an intricate interplay between sound and sight, thereby disrupting conventional ocularcentric forms of display. However, this multisensory approach provoked highly divergent reactions at its various exhibition venues. This article argues that the divergent reactions in Cape Town, South Africa, and Vienna, Austria, were due to different levels of what Ann Stoler describes as “colonial aphasia”—that is the context-dependent difficulty of addressing disquieting colonial pasts and its sensory dimensions.     

论当代国家文化安全问题

冷战结束后,时代的主题逐渐过渡为和平与发展。在新的国际形势下,保卫好国家文化安全,就相当于打胜了一场不见硝烟的战争。虽然当下我们的文化安全面临着内在和外部的压力,存在着种种问题,受到了方方面面的挑战,但是随着我们对这一问题关注度的提高,其解决也呈现出多种途径,未来还有很多工作要做,这不仅仅是保持乐观的问题。     

迷失的文明 ——析莱辛《野草在唱歌》中殖民权力的分布

莱辛小说《野草在唱歌》为读者提供了殖民时期南部非洲殖民生活的广阔图景。小说运用象征手法,以独特的视角深度剖析各阶层之间等级森严的社会结构,揭示殖民权力与公民权利的冲突。通过分析殖民时期社会经济与法律制度的演变进程,梳理出殖民地时期殖民权力在南部非洲分布的具体状况。欧洲文明迷失在非洲大陆是殖民主义者追逐私利本性驱使下的必然结果,而由此产生的殖民主义与种族制度赋予了殖民者无上的殖民权力的同时,也完全剥夺了非洲殖民地人民的公民权利,使非洲大陆与这块大陆的主人承受了无尽而深重的苦难。     

现代日本人类学的转型和发展

本文首先对日本人类学的早期发展,特别是对日本的殖民主义人类学做了考察。在此基础上,围绕战后日本人类学的反思和转型,介绍和讨论了日本现代人类学的海外调查与异文化研究、对异文化与自文化研究的反思、移民与越境的人类学以及现代日本人类学的中国研究等,并对全球化背景下日本人类学的学术转型、问题意识和学科建设等问题做了梳理。现代日本人类学的研究在一定程度上与欧美人类学的海外社会研究形成呼应,并对周边国家人类学的发展产生了一定的影响。     

“半殖民地半封建”与毛泽东思想的建构

“半殖民地半封建”是以毛泽东为首的中国共产党人对近代中国社会性质的总概括.“半殖民地半封建”对毛泽东思想产生了重要的学术影响,而毛泽东也对“半殖民地半封建”概念的形成作出了重要的贡献.积极开展“半殖民地半封建”与毛泽东思想的建构研究,既可以深切地把握毛泽东思想的内涵,也可以为今天第二个百年梦想的实现提供历史借鉴.