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1.
Summary Based on 14 case studies of highly effective therapies and the reasons they succeeded less frequently than they could, we
propose a variety of steps to improve the health care system of the U.S.A. Whatever proposal emerges from current national
debates until innovations are shown to be safe and effective, they should not be supported; when slightly better technologies
are much more expensive than other good ones we need to consider appropriate choices carefully; simplified billing and bookkeping
would reduce our costs; when a technology is rapidly introduced cautionnary measures may be needed; tracking immunization
and repairing their omissions requires a new system; educational programs such as seen effective in hypertension should be
applied in other areas such as vaccination; in organ transplantation the nation should consider “presumed consent”; our payment
system sometimes creates perverse incentives and therefore needs review; and the preferences of the public in allocation of
health resources need to be discovered once the public is informed about the issues.
Research supported by Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. 相似文献
2.
This study examines the relationship between occupational status and fertility timing during a period of rapid development in Puerto Rico. Our fundamental hypothesis is that women with higher status occupations face greater opportunity costs than those with less valued jobs and therefore will be more likely to postpone parenthood until later ages than women without such high costs. We test this hypothesis using event history techniques with data from the 1982 Puerto Rico Fertility and Family Planning Assessment, an island-wide survey of women between the ages of 15 and 49. The analysis examines the effects of occupational status on the timing of first births, and finds strong support for the basic hypothesis, especially regarding the post-ponement of teen births. After the teen years, the effects are less pronounced. Overall, it appears that employment opportunities have played an important role in childbearing decisions in Puerto Rico.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Denver, Colorado, 30 April–2 May 1992. 相似文献
3.
文章提出具有卖空总量限制、阈值约束和V型交易成本的多阶段均值—半绝对偏差(M-SAD)投资组合优化模型。该模型分别运用均值和半绝对偏衡量资产的收益率和风险。由于交易成本的存在,该模型不满足无后效性的动态优化问题。文章将该模型近似为一般动态规划问题,提出一种新的离散迭代方法,并证明该算法是线性收敛的。最后,文章通过实证研究比较分析卖空总量限制和风险偏好系数取不同值时对投资组合最优策略的影响,验证模型和算法的有效性。 相似文献
4.
Rubinstein (1982) considered the problem of dividing a given surplus between two players sequentially, and then proposed a model in which the two players alternately make and respond to each other's offers through time. He further characterized the perfect equilibrium outcomes, which depend on the players time preferences and order of moves. Using both equal and unequal bargaining cost conditions and an unlimited number of rounds, two experiments were designed to compare the perfect equilibrium model to alternative models based on norms of fairness. We report analyses of final agreements, first offers, and number of bargaining rounds, which provide limited support to the perfect equilibrium model, and then conclude by recommending a shift in focus from model testing to specification of the conditions favoring one model over another. 相似文献
5.
This article employs Agent-Based Computational Economics (ACE) to investigate whether, and under what conditions, trust is viable in markets. The emergence and breakdown of trust is modeled in a context of multiple buyers and suppliers. Agents develop trust in a partner as a function of observed loyalty. They select partners on the basis of their trust in the partner and potential profit, with adaptive weights. On the basis of realized profits, they adapt the weight they attach to trust relative to profitability, and their own trustworthiness, modeled as a threshold of defection. Trust and loyalty turn out to be viable under fairly general conditions. 相似文献
6.
陈凡 《北京航空航天大学学报(社会科学版)》2016,29(2):108-112
20世纪80年代以来,英国政府将扩大留学生规模作为高等教育国际化发展的重要战略政策。通过对近20年来英国留学生人数、留学生入学标准、优质学位授予比例、生师比、教育生均经费等数据变化趋势的分析,提出在这一经济利益驱动留学生规模扩张的过程中,英国留学生质量要求和标准正在放宽。如何使学生增长速度与优质资源生长速度相匹配、如何在获取短期经济效益的同时寻求高等教育长期可持续性发展的途径,是需要思考和解决的问题。 相似文献
7.
随着全球化程度加深,与国外企业进行研发合作逐步成为国内企业参与创新驱动发展战略的重要途径.从中间品贸易视角出发,通过构建谈判博弈模型,分析探讨影响产业链下游企业进行国际研发合作内生性选择的因素.研究发现,只有在研发溢出效应比较小的时候,产业链下游企业才会选择进行国际研发合作.但如果研发溢出效应过小,下游企业的国际研发合作行为会导致本国社会福利水平下降.进一步研究发现,上游市场垄断势力增强以及最终品贸易成本下降均会对产业链下游企业的国际研发合作产生促进作用. 相似文献
8.
9.
基于扩展Hotelling模型的企业竞争策略研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过将纵向差异引入到二次函数运输成本下的Hotelling模型中,研究具有不同质量、网络外部性、兼容性和转移成本的2个垄断厂商的竞争策略.首先,进行选址;然后,进行价格竞争的完全信息动态博弈,得到产品具有横向差异和纵向差异的2个垄断厂商市场竞争的均衡策略,推广了Hotelling模型的结论;最后,在选择横向差异最大化的情况下,分析了一般市场竞争策略,在无纵向差异条件下分别讨论了不同网络效用系数、兼容性和转移成本对市场竞争策略的影响. 相似文献
10.
投资组合绩效评价是学术界研究的热点问题。本文在经典的经济学框架下,基于真实前沿面,给出了投资组合效率的明确定义。由于实际投资环境的影响,投资组合优化模型非常复杂,难以获得真实前沿面的解析解,这给投资组合效率的应用带来了很大的困难。本文基于投资组合理论,在投资组合模型所对应的前沿面为凹函数的情况下,采用基于数据的投资组合DEA评价模型构造前沿面来逼近真实的前沿面,从而估计一般情形下投资组合的效率。在此基础上研究了考虑交易成本的投资组合效率评价问题,并用实例说明了本文方法的合理性与可行性。 相似文献