被动观念论析

本文讨论被动观念与语言表现之间的关系。第一部分从客体凸显能力和因果推论能力两个角度论证被动观念形成的条件 ,认为被动观念是人的思维中具有普遍意义的一种观念 ;第二部分从事件判断可能和句子表现实际两个角度观察被动观念的选择运用 ;第三部分是余论 ,认为就汉语而言 ,被动观念的表现可以存在于语言单位的各个层级 ,尤其要注意那些可能隐含着被动观念的结构与格式的研究     

试论从“韬光养晦”到“和平崛起”的外交战略

“和平崛起”战略不仅是中国高层向国际社会的庄重承诺,更是社会主义中国的历史选择。这一战略是在同一时代主题、同一战略目标和同一利益要求下对邓小平“韬光养晦”和平外交思想的继承、丰富和发展。     

Emergent and effective properties in ecology and evolution

Emergent properties are often discussed in arguments concerning relationships among different levels. However, the different definitions of emergent properties sometimes confuse the arguments about macro-level phenomena, since some authors regard emergent properties not only as observable global patterns but as properties that affect and cause change in ecological and evolutionary processes. Thus it is important to distinguish higher-level or larger-scale properties that can influence particular ecological and evolutionary processes from those that cannot. I call the former properties effective properties. I gave examples that show why the distinctions between effective and non-effective properties are important.     

论帝国的兴衰

随着民族国家的兴起,帝国的时代已经一去不复返。然而,人类进入文明社会后的绝大部分时间,却是在帝国政治中度过的。第二次世界大战后,随着帝国体系在全球范围内的彻底崩溃,帝国研究也被严重忽视。21世纪帝国研究再度受到关注,这既有弥补帝国研究不足的学术动因,但更有人类在全球化时代探索新的国际秩序的现实动因。历史上曾经出现过许多对人类文明产生深远影响的强大帝国,例如亚述帝国、波斯帝国、亚历山大帝国、罗马帝国、蒙古帝国、奥斯曼帝国、西班牙帝国和大英帝国等等。这些帝国持续的时间,长久者多达千年之上,短命者则只有区区十几年。帝国的产生和兴亡既要遵循一般的普遍规律,也有其各自具体的特殊原因。从普遍规律看,国家的军事力量、科技水平、综合国力、政治制度、战略决策、领袖品性、国民素质和地缘政治等,都是影响帝国命运的重要因素。     

How leader role identity influences the process of leader emergence: A social network analysis

Contemporary theories on leadership development emphasize the importance of having a leader identity in building leadership skills and functioning effectively as leaders. We build on this approach by unpacking the role leader identity plays in the leader emergence process. Taking the perspective that leadership is a dynamic social process between group members, we propose a social network-based process model whereby leader role identity predicts network centrality (i.e., betweenness and indegree), which then contributes to leader emergence. We test our model using a sample of 88 cadets participating in a leadership development training course. In support of our model, cadets who possess a stronger leader role identity at the beginning of the course were more likely to emerge as leaders. However this relationship was only mediated by one form of network centrality, indegree centrality, reflecting one's ability to build relationships within one's group. Implications for research and practice are discussed.     

中国传统四合院建筑的发生机制

从原始社会文化遗址发掘的考古资料入手,通过对居住建筑布局演变过程的阐述,揭示出传统四合院建筑格局的发生机制不是封建礼制下的伦理序位,而是抽象化的人体图式;提出如果从人体图式是中国传统四合院建筑发生机制的观点出发,那么可对四合院建筑的形式、布局、称谓以及文化内涵等方面做出比较合理和完整的阐释。     

修正主义：毛泽东的陷阱

修正主义产生于19世纪末。毛泽东提出反对修正主义问题开始于苏共二十大之后,从批判苏联现代修正主义出发,促使毛泽东考虑中国出不出修正主义,中央出不出修正主义,最初的重点是放在防修上,1965年以后毛泽东注意力逐渐转到反修上,直至将斗争矛头指向中央一线领导人。由于毛泽东对于修正主义没有做出准确的解释,并采取了错误的方法,造成了动机与效果的极不协调,酿成了他个人的悲剧。修正主义是毛泽东晚年一直思考的问题。修正主义是毛泽东的陷阱。     

西方环境社会学的理论发展及其借鉴

西方环境社会学经过近30年的学科发展其理论已渐趋成熟,既受到主流社会学家的理论关注,同时也在积极的汲取和借鉴科学社会学、风险社会以及新社会运动理论等的知识成果。尽管目前还存在着诸如理论边界不明晰、理论表述形式过于抽象等问题,但其理论进步是显而易见的。对此我们应当报以客观的理论态度,吸收其合理的内容,以推动我国环境社会学的理论建设。     

日常生活叙事与当代上海文学

日常生活叙事在上海现代文学中有其独特性。建国后,上海作为资产阶级思想的集聚地,处于被改造的境地,日常生活由此被纳入社会整体目标下,失去了独特性。80年代中后期,上海文学中的日常生活在回归中发展,展露出积极向上的生存理念。进入90年代,上海文学中的日常生活呈现出多种姿态。本文对上海当代文学中的日常生活的发展流变作一总体的描述,并力图揭示其中所蕴含的精神嬗变。     

Improvisation – An emergence theory perspective

The paper addresses the occurrence of improvisation and intuition within dynamic business environments from an emergence theory perspective. As argued, the dynamics of the so-called red queen principle forces competition towards the verge of the manageable, making improvised and intuitive action and decision-making not a shortcoming but a necessity in a successful business context. Particularly, the paper discusses how we may interpret the highly rationalistic acts and outcomes of planning and plans in such chaotic and uncertain contexts. We draw upon a longitudinal study of large industrial project deliveries incorporating more than 25 such deliveries.