Developing a Broadly Applicable Measure of Risk Perception

Decades of research identify risk perception as a largely intuitive and affective construct, in contrast to the more deliberative assessments of probability and consequences that form the foundation of risk assessment. However, a review of the literature reveals that many of the risk perception measures employed in survey research with human subjects are either generic in nature, not capturing any particular affective, probabilistic, or consequential dimension of risk; or focused solely on judgments of probability. The goal of this research was to assess a multidimensional measure of risk perception across multiple hazards to identify a measure that will be broadly useful for assessing perceived risk moving forward. Our results support the idea of risk perception being multidimensional, but largely a function of individual affective reactions to the hazard. We also find that our measure of risk perception holds across multiple types of hazards, ranging from those that are behavioral in nature (e.g., health and safety behaviors), to those that are technological (e.g., pollution), or natural (e.g., extreme weather). We suggest that a general, unidimensional measure of risk may accurately capture one's perception of the severity of the consequences, and the discrete emotions that are felt in response to those potential consequences. However, such a measure is not likely to capture the perceived probability of experiencing the outcomes, nor will it be as useful at understanding one's motivation to take mitigation action.     

Maternal and paternal reactions to child sadness predict children's psychosocial outcomes: A family‐centered approach

Parents' reactions to children's emotions shape their psychosocial outcomes. Extant research on emotion socialization primarily uses variable‐centered approaches. This study explores family patterns of maternal and paternal responses to children's sadness in relation to psychosocial outcomes in middle childhood. Fifty‐one families with 8‐ to 12‐year‐old children participated. Mothers and fathers reported their reactions to children's sadness and children's social competence and psychological adjustment. Cluster analyses revealed three family patterns: Supportive (high supportive and low non‐supportive reactions from both parents), Not Supportive (low supportive reactions from both parents), and Father Dominant (high paternal supportive and non‐supportive reactions, low maternal supportive and non‐supportive reactions). Supportive families had children with higher social competence and more internalizing symptoms whereas Father Dominant families had children with lower social competence and fewer internalizing symptoms. Not Supportive families had children with average social competence and fewer internalizing symptoms. Findings are discussed in relation to the “divergence model” which proposes that a diverse range of parental responses to children's sadness, rather than a uniformly supportive approach, may facilitate children's psychosocial adjustment.     

Sex Related Factors in the Perception of Threatening Facial Expressions

This study replicated and extended previously reported sex differences involving both viewer and target in the recognition of threatening facial expressions. Based on the assumption that the evolved cognitive mechanisms mediating anger recognition would have been designed by natural selection to operate quickly in the interests of survival, brief tachistoscopic presentation of stimulus photographs was used. Additionally, in contrast to prior published studies, the statistical methods of signal detection research were used to control for the confounding effects of non-random guessing. The main hypothesis, that anger posed by males would be more accurately perceived than anger posed by females, was supported. A secondary hypothesis, that female-posed anger would be more accurately perceived by women than by men, received partial support. Testosterone levels, measured inferentially in terms of diurnal cycles, failed to show the hypothesized positive relationship to accuracy of anger perception.     

运用心理学移情原理消除师生的情感障碍

英语教学的成败是诸多因素相互作用的结果 ,但无论这些因素多么错综复杂 ,主要还是来自教和学两方面。教师和学生能否在教学中相互理解从而形成互动是教学成败的关键。文章将着重讨论师生间营造互动关系中的两个重要环节———情感与移情     

浅析汉语中表因果关系句子的英译法

由于英汉两种语言的差异,汉语中表因果关系的句子翻译成英文有不同的译法,除了采用原因状语从句的结构,还可以采用时间状语从句、地点状语从句、定语从句、不定式短语、介词短语、独立主格结构等多种不同的表达方式。     

梁漱溟对孔子伦理思想的体认

梁漱溟是现代新儒家的开拓者,他以自己的亲身体验,并借助西方心理学观念,对孔子伦理思想的核心范畴“仁”、“礼”、“乐”,做了独特的体认。从中可以看出他对孔子的理解以及阐述其思想的基本方法。     

《大藏经》词语札记

本文解释了五个汉译佛经《大藏经》中的词语:消息、宁可、巨细、障石疑、缭戾,并一一加以溯源。     

生态审美意义上的人格重建

从生态美学的角度对蒙古族作家满都麦的作品作全新解读,而解读本身即是生态美学意义上的人格重建过程,同时也是价值体系和道德体系重建的过程。从某种意义上讲,这意味着人类文化的转型,具有全人类的意义。     

意义：《项狄传》的一个哲学主题

《项狄传》中有一个关于意义的哲学主题。斯特恩认为 ,语言和理性不能表达意义 ,只有构成感性内容的东西 ,如情感、想象 ,动作等 ,才是意义的源泉。     

西部诗人高凯的乡土世界

甘肃诗人高凯的乡土诗在中国西部当代诗歌中是独特的,他构筑的乡土世界已逐渐引起评论家的关注并赢得较高的评价。他的乡土诗主要有这样三部分组成:一,风俗画的展现;二,乡情、乡愁的吟唱;三,家园意识的追寻。高凯的乡土世界是厚重的、完整的。诗歌具有哲学和人类学的思想高度。