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1.
A Lotto Systems bet allows the player to nominate n numbers from which (s)he believes the winning six numbers will be drawn, and to bet on all combinations of six of these n numbers. Assume that the winning six numbers come from the nominated n. How many combinations must be entered to guarantee that one combination will include at least five of the winning six numbers? The problem is generalized in this paper, and the method of simulated annealing is used to find solutions for various situations. The case where two supplementary numbers are drawn after the initial six winning numbers is also considered. 相似文献
2.
张晋 《中北大学学报(社会科学版)》2008,24(3):17-20
当代美国著名经济学家和政治哲学家罗默的阶级—剥削对应理论是通过使用了理性选择的个人主义方法论原则中的"合作博弈"理论阐述了其社会公正思想。其独特研究方法的运用,丰富和发展了马克思主义剥削与阶级理论,对于我国现阶段社会公正理论的确立具有一定的借鉴意义。 相似文献
3.
Lund I 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2007,23(4):409-419
The study takes a closer look at at-risk gamblers, with the objective to see how they differ from no-risk gamblers. The data
comes from a national gambling survey in 2002, and the age group is 15–74 years. The sample consists of 4188 current gamblers
with no current gambling problems or pathology. The analysis includes cross-tabulations and a logistic regression. The results
show that at-risk gamblers differed substantially from no-risk gamblers in terms of demographic characteristics, gambling
behaviour and the presence of other assumed risk factors. Demographic segments with a higher risk of falling into the at-risk
group are men, young people, divorced or single people, and non-western immigrants. Furthermore, gambling problems in the
family, beginners luck and misconceptions about winning chances significantly increased the odds for at-risk gambling. The
study concludes that at-risk gamblers deserve more attention from research, that their similarity with problem gamblers increases
the likelihood that many of them will eventually develop a gambling problem, and that their tendency to be superstitious about
winning chances might be exploited in preventive work. 相似文献
4.
Weinstock J Whelan JP Meyers AW Watson JM 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2007,23(1):13-24
This study investigated the prevalence of gambling, gambling related NCAA violations, and disordered gambling in student-athletes
(n = 736) with a comparison cohort of students (n = 1,071) at four universities. Student-athletes reported similar rates of gambling frequency, use of a bookmaker, and disordered
gambling as students. After accounting for demographic differences, student-athletes were less likely to engage in sports
wagering than students. Several risk factors for disordered gambling were identified, including being male and reporting at
least one parent with a history of gambling problems. These findings suggest that problems associated with gambling are a
university-wide issue with student-athletes meriting additional attention because of implications for the integrity of intercollegiate
sports. Improved prevention and intervention efforts for collegiate gambling are recommended. 相似文献
5.
Rockloff MJ Signal T Dyer V 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2007,23(4):457-465
An experiment was conducted to observe the influence of autonomic arousal on subsequent gambling behavior. Thirty-seven male
and 32 female regular Electronic Gaming Machine (EGM) players were recruited through newspaper advertisements. Participants
were randomly assigned to either: (1) a control condition, or (2) an experimental condition that introduced a loud white-noise
event (80 db) at fixed 120 s intervals throughout the 5-min EGM gambling session. Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) measurements
showed that the manipulation was successful in elevating autonomic arousal. The results showed differences in behavioral response
to the manipulation based on prior experience with gambling problems. Persons with many gambling problems had lower average
bet-sizes in the white-noise condition compared to the control, while those with few or no problems had higher average bet-sizes.
The results suggest that arousal may provide different signals to gamblers with few versus many problems. Gamblers with many
problems may interpret their arousal as a sign that they will soon lose money, while gamblers with few or no problems may
associate feelings of arousal exclusively with winning. 相似文献
6.
Kushner MG Abrams K Donahue C Thuras P Frost R Kim SW 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2007,23(2):121-132
Cue-reactivity has received increased attention in addiction research, though not for gambling in particular. We examined
cue reactivity in 18 problem gamblers by accompanying them to a gaming casino and measuring their subjective urge to gamble
over a 1-h period. Half of the sample was additionally exposed to a gambling-specific negative mood induction (NMI) manipulation
via guided imagery. Overall, about two-thirds of the sample reported moderate to high-gambling urges during the casino exposure.
Additionally, the NMI reduced cue-reactivity. Finally, gambling urges in both groups decreased over the course of the exposure
sessions. These findings suggest that a majority of problem gamblers experience the urge to gamble when exposed to gambling
cues and that the intensity of these urges decrease with time, especially in the presence of a gambling-relevant NMI. Cue
exposure should be studied further as a potential tool in the treatment of problem gambling. 相似文献
7.
LaBrie RA LaPlante DA Nelson SE Schumann A Shaffer HJ 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2007,23(3):347-362
Internet gambling is growing rapidly, as is concern about its possible effect on the public’s health. This paper reports the
results of the first prospective longitudinal study of actual Internet sports gambling behavior during eight study months.
Data include recorded fixed-odds bets on the outcome of sporting contests and live-action bets on the outcome of events within
contests for 40,499 Internet sports gambling service subscribers who enrolled during February 2005. We tracked the following
primary gambling behaviors: daily totals of the number of bets made, money bet, and money won. We transformed these variables
into measures of gambling involvement. We analyzed behavior for both fixed-odds and live-action bets. The median betting behavior
of the 39,719 fixed-odds bettors was to place 2.5 bets of €4 (approximately $5.3 US) every fourth day during the median 4 months
from first to last bet. This typical pattern incurred a loss of 29% of the amount wagered. The median betting behavior of
the 24,794 live-action bettors was to place 2.8 wagers of €4 every fourth day during the median duration of 6 weeks at a loss
of 18% of the amount wagered. We also examined the behavior of empirically determined groups of heavily involved bettors whose
activity exceeded that of 99% of the sample. 相似文献
8.
da Silva Lobo DS Vallada HP Knight J Martins SS Tavares H Gentil V Kennedy JL 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2007,23(4):421-433
Pathological gambling (PG) is an impulse control disorder that has been considered as a behavioral addiction. Recent studies have suggested the involvement of the dopaminergic system in addictions and impulse control disorders and associations of dopamine receptor genes (DRD1, DRD2, and DRD4) and PG have been reported. In the present study, 140 sib-pairs discordant for the diagnosis of PG (70 males and 70 females on each group) were recruited through the Gambling Outpatient Unit at the Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo and were assessed by trained psychiatrists. A family-based association design was chosen to prevent population stratification. All subjects were genotyped for dopamine receptor genes (DRD1 -800 T/C, DRD2 TaqIA RFLP, DRD3 Ser9Gly, DRD4 48bp exon III VNTR, DRD5 (CA) repeat) and the dopamine transporter gene (SCL6A3 40 bp VNTR). Our results suggest the association of PG with DRD1 -800 T/C allele T (P = .03). 相似文献
9.
Sports betting advertising has arguably permeated contemporary sport consumption in many countries. Advertisements build narratives that represent situations and characters that normalize betting behaviour and raise public concerns regarding their detrimental effect on vulnerable groups. Adopting a grounded theory approach, the present study examined a British sample of sports betting advertisements (N = 102) from 2014 to 2016. The analysis revealed that individual themes aligned in a single core narrative, constructing a dual persuasive strategy of sports betting advertising: (i) to reduce the perceived risk involved in betting (with themes such as betting with friends, free money offers, humour, or the use of celebrities) while (ii) enhancing the perceived control of bettors (including themes of masculinity and sport knowledge). In addition, new technological features of sports betting platforms (e.g. live in-play betting) were used by advertisers to build narratives in which the ability to predict a sports outcome was overlapped by the ability of bettors to use such platforms, equalizing the ease of betting with the ease of winning. Based on the data analysed, it was concluded that the construction of a magnified idea of control in sports betting advertising is a cause for concern that requires close regulatory scrutiny. 相似文献
10.
Harm-minimization strategies reduce the experience of gambling-related harms for individuals and those close to them. Most policies and particularly discussions of tool design and implementation fail to involve end users and consider their concerns and needs. This study aimed to investigate the best way to introduce a harm-minimization tool for electronic gaming machines (EGMs) that will maximize the perceived value and subsequent uptake by the intended audience of gamblers. Focus groups were conducted with 31 Australian regular EGM gamblers experiencing a range of gambling problems. Participants were asked their perspectives of a pre-commitment system (features including accessing activity statements, setting limits, viewing dynamic messages, taking breaks), including concerns, and how to enhance perceived value and usefulness. Positive attitudes about the system were expressed; however, many gamblers saw the tool as relevant only for problem gamblers. Participants indicated that value could be enhanced by making the system flexible and customizable, but still easy to use. Design and implementation strategies such as incorporating flexibility in features, ease of use, appropriate terminology, and educational efforts may address gamblers’ concerns, particularly regarding privacy and potential stigma. This would enhance user perception of harm-minimization tools as relevant and may subsequently enhance effectiveness. 相似文献