试论我国空中警察法律地位之完善

与国际航空安保公约和其他国家法律规定相比,我国空中警察制度存在多种航空安保主体权力冲突、法律法规欠缺、法律性质模糊以及权力和职责不清等问题。＂马航事件＂的发生突显了确立并完善空中警察法律地位的重要性和必要性。为了我国民航事业的健康有序发展,应当充分协调好各航空安保主体间的权力,健全相应的法律法规体系,明确空中警察的法律性质及其权力和职责,从而完善我国空中警察的法律地位。     

Terrorism Risks and Cost‐Benefit Analysis of Aviation Security

We evaluate, for the U.S. case, the costs and benefits of three security measures designed to reduce the likelihood of a direct replication of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. To do so, we assess risk reduction, losses, and security costs in the context of the full set of security layers. The three measures evaluated are installed physical secondary barriers (IPSB) to restrict access to the hardened cockpit door during door transitions, the Federal Air Marshal Service (FAMS), and the Federal Flight Deck Officer (FFDO) Program. In the process, we examine an alternate policy measure: doubling the budget of the FFDO program to $44 million per year, installing IPSBs in all U.S. aircraft at a cost of $13.5 million per year, and reducing funding for FAMS by 75% to $300 million per year. A break‐even cost‐benefit analysis then finds the minimum probability of an otherwise successful attack required for the benefit of each security measures to equal its cost. We find that the IPSB is costeffective if the annual attack probability of an otherwise successful attack exceeds 0.5% or one attack every 200 years. The FFDO program is costeffective if the annual attack probability exceeds 2%. On the other hand, more than two otherwise successful attacks per year are required for FAMS to be costeffective. A policy that includes IPSBs, an increased budget for FFDOs, and a reduced budget for FAMS may be a viable policy alternative, potentially saving hundreds of millions of dollars per year with consequences for security that are, at most, negligible.     

试析拿破仑帝国大军团的性质

拿破仑的帝国大军与大革命时期的革命军在统帅和指挥权、将领在军队中的作用、部队的组织成分、思想意识诸方面,都有着本质的不同。帝国大军的骨干将帅都是拿破仑的亲属、故旧和亲信。拿破仑还用荣誉、财富和美女腐蚀了大军团的将帅,改变了军队的性质。     

春秋晋国中军将浅析

春秋时期晋国军队中的最高统帅称为中军将,中军将不仅在战场上有很大的影响力,而且对国内的政治也具有举足轻重的作用。晋国20位中军将帅的更替是晋侯与中军家族之间以及中军家族之间的博弈,中军将位荣誉和权力光环的背后充满了刀光剑影,考察中军将帅更替变化的原因、背景和过程,对了解春秋时期晋国政治生态的衍化具有重要的意义。