从制度性底层到结构性底层——由威尔逊《真正的穷人》思考中国底层群体管理问题

美国在急剧的社会转型过程中,形成了以往的社会分层概念体系所不能准确把握的一类群体,即底层群体,他们的本质特征在于与主流社会的就业体系和行为规范体系相断裂。威尔逊敏锐地把握住了这一特征,将聚居区底层群体的形成归因为经济社会体系的结构性转型,颠覆了制度性底层的传统观点,并提出通过形成政治联盟,制定普遍性政策,运用隐秘议程的政治策略建构对底层群体有效的管理机制。本文在借鉴威尔逊理论分析的基础上,结合孙立平的“断裂”论,探析中国底层管理问题。     

Reconsidering Social Cohesion: Developing a Definition and Analytical Framework for Empirical Research

Despite its growing currency in academic and policy circles, social cohesion is a term in need of a clearer and more rigorous definition. This article provides a critical review of the ways social cohesion has been conceptualized in the literature in many cases, definitions are too loosely made, with a common confusion between the content and the causes or effects of social cohesion. This motivates us to propose a refined definition that we hope is clearer and more rigorous. We will show how our definition could be operationalized into a measurement scheme that facilitates empirical work on social cohesion.     

流动农民社会认同现状探析

在社会转型背景下,流动农民社会认同正由被动性向主动性转变。在回顾族群认同理论的基础上,作者对流动农民的社会认同进行了操作化定义,认为它应包括分类意识、目前身份意识、未来归属意识三个层面,并从地位结构观的年龄、婚姻状况、收入等方面,探讨了目前流动农民社会认同的现状,最后指出了下一步将采用网络结构观与地位结构观来分析其社会认同。     

操作化流程及其在社会研究中的应用探讨

操作化流程是一个从抽象层次(概念)到经验层次(指标),使概念成为可操作、可观察事物的实践过程。由此,探讨了概念与变量的区别和联系及其组成操作化流程的各个部分,同时也研究了操作化流程在了解和描述社会现象的状况、解释社会现象的成因这两个社会研究最基本方面的具体运用。     

China: Facing the Challenges to Link Climate Change Responses with Sustainable Development and Local Environmental Protection

This article is based on the strategic-relational approach developed by Bob Jessop and investigates the contested privatization of the Mexican oil industry. Privatization has been rampant all over Latin America throughout the 1980s and 1990s. There are, however, some important exceptions from this general trend towards privatization which go widely unnoticed within the academic debate. The Mexican oil sector is one such exception as steps towards its privatization have been undertaken since the 1980s but until today ownership-rights for the enterprise remain with the Mexican state.

The strategic-relational approach assumes that despite the pressure exercised by a post-Fordist accumulation regime towards privatization, the contingent interaction of actor strategies and institutions allows for alternative historical paths and may lead to the collapse of privatization processes. In order to conduct a detailed case study, an operationalization of the strategic-relational approach is necessary. Following this path, virgin soil is entered as date only a few attempts have been made to operationalize strategic-relational categories.

The case study of the privatization conflict over the Mexican oil industry reveals that in this specific case decisive resistance against privatization stems from the Ministry of Finance, which is normally considered the most important institutional basis of neoliberalism in Mexico.

Este artículo se basa en el enfoque relacional estratégico desarrollado por Bob Jessop, e investiga la controvertida privatización de la industria petrolera mexicana. Durante los años 80 y 90, la privatización ha sido dominante en toda Latinoamérica. Sin embargo, hay algunas excepciones importantes de esta tendencia general hacia la privatización, que han pasado desapercibidas en el debate académico. El sector petrolero mexicano hace parte de tal excepción, en la medida que los pasos hacia la privatización se iniciaron en los años 80, pero los derechos de propiedad de la empresa son del estado mexicano. El enfoque estratégico relacional asume que, a pesar de la presión ejercida por un régimen de acumulación hacia la privatización posterior a Ford, la interacción contingente entre las estrategias del actor y las instituciones permiten vías históricas alternas y pueden conducir al colapso de los procesos de privatización. Con el fin de llevar a cabo un estudio detallado del caso, es necesario adoptar un enfoque operacional de las relaciones estratégicas. Continuando con esta idea, hasta la fecha, muy poco se ha hecho para establecer categorías relacionales estratégicas de operación, ejemplo, las tierras vírgenes. El estudio del caso del conflicto de la privatización de la industria petrolera mexicana, revela que en este caso específico, la resistencia a la privatización del petróleo se origina en el Ministerio de Hacienda, considerado como la base institucional más importante del neoliberalismo en México.

本文是以鲍勃·杰索普所发展的战略-关系路径为基础,考察有争议的墨西哥石油工业私有化。在整个20世纪80年代和90年代,私有化在全拉美盛行。然而,在这一私有化的大趋势中,也存在一些重要的例外,它们在学术辩论中未受关注。墨西哥石油部门就是这样一个例外,因墨西哥石油部门的私有化20世纪80年代即开始着手,但至今公司的所有权仍掌握在国家手中。

战略-关系路径假定,尽管后福特主义的资本积累机制对私有化施加了压力,但行为体战略与机构之间有条件的互动提供了可供选择的历史路径,并可能导致私有化进程的瓦解。为了进行详细的案例研究,对战略-关系路径进行操作化是必要的。沿着这条路径,把未开垦的土地纳入了进来,因迄今为止只进行了个别尝试把战略-关系分类可操作化。

对墨西哥石油工业的私有化冲突案例研究表明,在这一特定例子中,反对私有化的决定性阻力来自通常被认为是墨西哥新自由主义最重要制度基础的财政部。     

“I don't know what to do—Could it be cultural?” The operationalization of cultural sensitivity among street‐level workers in the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration

Faced with increased global migration and a more ethnically diverse clientele, several studies stress the need for more culturally sensitive welfare services. Others warn that the focus on culture might lead to the culturalization and othering of clients from ethnic minority or migrant backgrounds. In the Norwegian context, cultural sensitivity is implemented in policy documents of the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration (NAV) to improve services for immigrant clients. However, the operationalization of cultural sensitivity into service delivery remains unscrutinized. Based on ethnographic fieldwork at a frontline NAV‐office, this article unpacks the practical work embedded in being culturally aware, by exploring the circumstances in which street‐level workers factor culture into their comprehension and consideration of a case. The article employs a process‐oriented approach to its analysis of caseworkers' discussion of cases. Findings show that caseworkers explicitly consider culture mainly when cases appear diffuse and intangible. The caseworkers discuss plausible explanations to make sense of these cases, only one of which is culture. Thus, the caseworkers distinguish culture from the client's ethnicity or migrant background. These findings refine the perception of street‐level workers' inability to respond to questions of ethnicity and culture, by describing the dynamic processes of implicit categorization and sensemaking embedded in being aware of culture. The study also highlights the importance of empirical, ethnographic accounts to unpack the operationalization of such theoretical and ambiguous concepts into practice.