FATHERS’ USE OF LEAVE IN AUSTRALIA

This paper examines Australian fathers’ use of leave at the time of the birth of a child, drawing on data from The Parental Leave in Australia Survey, conducted in 2005, and a subsequent organizational case study. Our analysis shows that although most Australian fathers take some leave for parental purposes, use of formally designated paternity or parental leave is limited. This is unsurprising given the Australian policy framework, which lacks legislative provision for paid paternity or parental leave, and does not require any of the shared unpaid parental-leave entitlement to be reserved for fathers. Use of leave is shown to be influenced primarily by fathers’ employment characteristics, with those working in small organizations or non-permanent positions least likely to utilize paternity or other forms of leave. Overall, the analysis suggests that improvements in the policy framework would increase Australian fathers’ propensity to take parental leave, but highlights barriers to usage associated with labour market divisions and career pressures that will not be solved solely by the adoption of more progressive leave policies.     

《圣经》与古希腊神话中父权统治下的女性——其形象和地位之比较研究

《圣经》与古希腊神话都是世界文学经典,两部作品均折射着父权统治的阴影。依此为据点,就两部经典中的女性形象与地位进行了例证分析,最后指出在两部经典所描述的男权世界中,女性始终处于被压迫、无自由的地位,其形象也受到不同程度的歪曲。她们是父权世界权利与地位争夺的牺牲品。     

Falling Through The Cracks: Gaps In Child Support Among Welfare Recipients

This article examines gaps in child support among welfare recipients in Wisconsin. Documented is the extent to which breakdowns at various stages—including paternity establishment, support orders, and payments—contribute to the low rate of child support receipt. Children were tracked over a 2‐year period to assess their progress through the child support system over time. Few welfare recipients are able to successfully negotiate the child support system, and mothers frequently achieve different degrees of success with different children. The characteristics of children who drop out prior to obtaining a support order suggest that, with an order in place, they would be as likely to receive support as are those children who already have orders.     

Filling a critical gap: measuring work policies that affect families globally

Work is a central element in most people's lives, and its adequacy and value cannot be measured by simple figures showing how many people have gained or lost jobs. Current measures of decent work are more comprehensive in terms of what matters to individuals, but deficient in their coverage of work policies that matter to families. In this article, we argue the importance and feasibility of measuring policies and laws that shape work quality, and in particular those that shape how work affects families on a global basis. We make the case that this policy area is especially critical under changing social conditions, and propose a manageable and feasible set of indicators permitting an assessment of the extent to which national labor policies facilitate the ability of working adults to meet the requirements of their jobs as well as the needs of their families. Methods are described and findings mapped for all UN countries in key areas including maternal leave, paternal leave, leave to care for children's health, leave to care for adult family members, and leave to meet other family needs.     

Paternity Leave and the Motherhood Penalty: New Causal Evidence

Objective: The objective of this study was to test how a father's paternity leave affects the within‐household gender wage gap among heterosexual couples. Background: Previous studies focus on the actual number of days of leave the father takes, but if an important driver of the gender wage gap is the effect of parental leave on gender‐specific household specialization, absolute variations in the father's leave should not be the key interest. Instead, this article tests the effect of the extent of the father's leave relative to that of the mother's leave because it is this variation that plausibly affects the division of household labor and through this the within‐household gender wage gap. Method: Full sample, administrative data are from Statistics Denmark. Causal inference was facilitated by exploiting 5 Danish parental leave reforms on 5 separate samples of all households who become first‐time parents within the year before and after each reform (N₁ = 2,304; N₂ = 45,683; N₃ = 16,668; N₄ = 42,328; N₅ = 38,978). Results: Father's leave reduces the within‐household gender wage gap through increasing mother's wages. Father's leave furthermore causes an increase in total household wage incomes. Conclusion: Father's stronger involvement in the household may be one route to more gender equality, but more so to increased financial well‐being among families.     

现实的失落与历史的追寻——家庭剧对父性表现的双重视野

在传统的文化视域中。父性是权力的象征。然而,随着人类历史的发展．父性的权威不断失落。和西方国家相比,东方国家现代性的步伐稍慢,父性的失落稍晚。但是,从宏观的角度上考察·父性仍呈现失落的趋势。中韩家庭剧中时父性进行艺术的表现,反映父性在当代生活中的失落。父亲形象在家庭剧中缺席·父亲成为生活的弱者和沉重的罪身,父亲被剥夺作为父亲的权利．在父子冲突中父性的权威逐渐失落。现实中父性的失落促使中国人回眸历史,寻找父性的记忆、关于激情和生命力的故事。     

祖父——父亲——儿子——余华90年代长篇小说父系人物结构模式探析

余华90年代的三部长篇小说《在细雨中呼喊》、《活着》、《许三观卖血记》是其小说创作中具有转折意义的作品,其中共有的“祖父———父亲———儿子”的父系人物结构模式突显了父亲的中心地位,呈现了父法由颠覆到重构的嬗变过程,表达了对人性善的呼唤与礼赞,人们从中可以看到余华对秩序和人性的深沉思考,此模式也就成为传达余华小说创作轨迹变迁的有力载体。     

Probabilistic Expert Systems for Forensic Inference from Genetic Markers

We present a number of real and fictitious examples in illustration of a new approach to analysing complex cases of forensic identification inference. This is effected by careful restructuring of the relevant pedigrees as a Probabilistic Expert System. Existing software can then be used to perform the required inferential calculations. Specific complications which are readily handled by this approach include missing data on one or more relevant individuals, and genetic mutation. The method is particularly valuable for disputed paternity cases, but applies also to certain criminal cases.     

立法惩罚“第三者”:理性的选择

新《婚姻法》出台后,关于是否应立法处罚介入婚姻家庭关系的第三者问题引起了众多的争议。立法惩罚第三者,究竟是历史的倒退还是法律理性的选择呢?本文从民法的公平价值理念和婚姻法的立法主旨角度出发,分析认为第三者介入合法婚姻家庭关系,实质上是对无过错配偶的配偶身份权益的粗暴侵犯,理应追究其侵害配偶权的损害赔偿责任,同时对于实践中第三者的认定问题进行了探讨。     

Denied and disputed paternity in teenage pregnancy: topical structural analysis of case studies of young women from the Eastern Cape Province

There is a systematic absence of studies of denied paternity as experienced by young women in South Africa. This phenomenon is mentioned in publications as if it were a minor inconvenience that should be accepted by those affected. This paper is based on the topical structural analysis of case studies whose narratives were collected using face-to-face, semi-structured interviews conducted in a small rural town in the Eastern Cape province in South Africa. The findings show that denial and disputes of pregnancy by the participants’ boyfriends took different forms. The men implicated temporised by expressing disbelief about the news of the pregnancy, relocating and rejecting responsibility. Participants believed that denial of their pregnancy was a punishment for being careless, not taking contraceptives and falling pregnant. Constant worry from the unresolved paternity left the participants distressed. Resolution in most cases was not, as expected, followed by the man honouring payment of compensation. Reliable means of ascertaining paternity, other than paternal resemblance, such as DNA testing, should be made affordable and accessible in public health facilities to facilitate quicker recourse.