我国城市社区建设的几个理论和实践问题

在实践中 ,城市社区建设的实际操作有诸多现象和现实问题应引起我们足够的重视。“社区建设”概念的界定、政府在城市社区建设中的职能定位、居民参与在城市社区建设中的地位、社区工作者队伍建设等几个主要方面的问题则需要我们加以认真的研究和探讨。     

城市社区少数民族居民利益的演变

改革开放以来城市社区民族利益不断演变,有其内外部因素,特别是对国家政策转变,即从“直接利益”分配到“利益机会”分配的转变中,对城市社区少数民族居民利益的影响。城市化的推进,城市的多民族化进程也在加快,城市里的民族成份和少数民族人口的不断增多,各城市社区传统的族群团体被频繁流动的人口冲击,打破了原来的人际交往圈,尤其是打破了原有的民族社区,这个过程涉及到各民族成员切身利益的变化,直接影响到民族关系的好坏。具体到民族地区城市社区的少数民族居民的利益演变研究,这是一个更加微观层面上的问题。     

驻村干部参与乡村治理的柔性嵌入机制

柔性嵌入是驻村干部通过沟通、对话、协商参与乡村治理的管理实践。柔性嵌入式治理并非单纯的行政制度吸纳与整合,而是包括文化嵌入、认知嵌入、关系嵌入在内的多维柔性嵌入的互动与治理的过程。从辽宁省X县的治理实践来看,驻村干部参与乡村治理仍受根深蒂固的刚性治理思维、运转不畅的民主协商机制、薄弱的乡村社会资本、匮乏的村庄公共精神等现实因素掣肘。需要从转变刚性治理观念、运用情感治理技术、完善基层协商机制、挖掘乡村内生资源、培育村庄公共精神等层面进一步激活柔性嵌入机制,持续提升驻村干部参与乡村治理效能。     

From victims to winners: strategies of negotiation among relocated residents in demolition-compensation events in local China

It has been well documented by researchers that in China’s continual quest for modernisation and urbanisation, many urban and rural residents became displaced and portrayed as victims. A more important question however needs to be explored: do evicted residents learn from others to develop strategies to protect themselves from becoming victims? Through in-depth interviews, primary data collection, documentary research, this study has confirmed that for some evicted residents in Southern China’s urban fringes, when their land was appropriated by local government and developers and they were offered resettlement elsewhere, they did not behave passively to accept the terms of compensation dictated. Instead, they actively learnt from other dwellers who were evicted earlier to become well-organised, resourceful, and sophisticated negotiators in bargaining for their compensation. The group of rural residents proved that they could do better than the evicted urban residents, especially in terms of compensation-negotiation.     

居民发展能力评估与差异比较——以甘肃省张掖市、甘南自治州为例

阿玛帝业森的能力理论是有关人类文化发展、福利经济学、社会政策研究的哲学论述,是有关个体福利和生活质量评估、社会整顿、政策制定和社会改革等的标准分析框架。本文在简要介绍阿玛帝亚森能力分析的概念和评估方法之后,采用社会学研究方法,通过问卷调查,以黑河流域张掖市与甘南自治州城市居民的能力分析测定为例,尝试在国内开展能力分析的定量研究,并比较影响两地区居民能力的主要因素,分析了提升个体能力,开展能力分析研究的重要意义。     

清代驻藏大臣的设置及其历史作用

设立驻藏大臣是清王朝加强对西藏治理的一项重要举措。文章认为驻藏大臣的设置是清朝在总结历史经验的基础上,根据西藏当时的实际情况而采取的一项行之有效的管理策略。它对西藏的社会政治产生了十分深刻的影响。     

控制性赋权:基层政府精准扶贫的实践逻辑——基于国家级贫困县J村的田野考察

“赋权”是理解精准扶贫政策的重要视角。田野考察发现基层扶贫实践既有“赋权”又有变通的“控制”,由此导致了扶贫过程中“精准”程度有所差异,为此,需要从基层政府的行动逻辑分析精准扶贫的实践逻辑。研究发现,地方政府从外部选派驻村扶贫工作队,由于较少受到当地社会网络的约束使其能够“理性行动”,但在“限期”脱贫的目标责任制下,基层的扶贫工作队受到了“规避责任”与“追求政绩”的双重约束,故此工作队根据自利原则策略性地选择了赋权或控制策略。进一步考察发现,扶贫工作队主要通过利用传统权力结构、地方性知识及现代化知识话语“异化”赋权策略,从而构建了“控制性赋权”的实践逻辑。基于此,地方政府应着力于构建“外派”与“内生”相结合的基层扶贫工作队,设置部分基于“赋权”“参与”的考核指标,培训提高扶贫干部对贫困户的尊重和理解,从而使得长效脱贫的精准扶贫政策能够得以执行。     

I'm Not a Bad Mother — Stories of Mothering‐on‐the‐Edge

This article is located in the field of custody and day‐to‐day care, with a focus on experiences of mothering where mothers no longer have everyday care of their children. At the time of writing, tens of thousands of mothers live separately from their children in Aotearoa, New Zealand. However, there is a general perception of rarity associated with non‐resident mothers, partly due to their reluctance to speak of loss of custody. In this article, we develop a theoretical discussion around the inside/outside relationships between non‐resident mothers and their children that informs therapeutic practice. We argue that mothers who live apart from their children are situated at the edge or periphery of their children's day‐to‐day lives and experience this as outside the lives of their children. Nevertheless, mothers' stories speak of qualities of (m)othering that have been born of and nurtured by longstanding and long‐term commitment to their children.     

What influences the size of child maintenance payments? A register‐based study of maintenance payments in Finland

The aim of this study was to explore how particular economic and demographic factors contribute to the level of the child maintenance payment (CMP) paid by the non‐resident parent. For this study, we used 5‐year longitudinal panel data from years 2009 to 2013 consisting of over 80,000 non‐resident parents from the Finnish Tax Administration and The Finnish Population Register Centre. Results from regression models indicate that the single biggest factor affecting the size of CMPs is the number of dependent children. We found that the non‐resident parent's higher income is associated with higher CMPs and that non‐resident fathers pay on average larger CMPs than non‐resident mothers, even after accounting for differences in income. Unexpectedly, we found that the age of the dependent child did not predict changes in CMPs. This suggests that once formal CMP‐contracts are determined between the parents, they are seldom changed. Our results suggest that some degree of mandatory periodic review for maintenance contracts is worth considering.     

邢台和天津大气污染物影响因素的灰色关联分析

空气污染已成为我国最受关注的环境问题。文章利用灰色关联分析模型研究了天津市和邢台市大气污染源与污染物浓度的关系。基于2013年到2016年空气质量数据和社会经济数据,分析邢台和天津的大气污染物来源,邢台和天津大气主要污染源分别为工业、常住人口、农业、汽车保有量。研究发现,工业体系对邢台空气质量影响最大,常住人口对天津市空气质量影响最大。结果表明,影响不同城市空气质量的主要污染源并不一致。因此,不同地区在大气污染治理过程中应根据自身特点采取相应的措施。