井冈山时期士兵委员会制度在社会管理创新中的民主价值传承

形成于井冈山斗争时期的士兵委员会制度在中国土地革命斗争史上发挥了不可磨灭的贡献,作为特定时期的政治产物,它体现了党和军队先进的政治价值取向。新时期的社会管理创新需要凸显民主价值的核心,对士兵委员会制度内蕴的民主价值进行解读,以利于重塑士兵委员会制度在我国社会管理创新中的借鉴意义和应有的价值传承。     

Conscription of children in armed conflict—a form of child abuse. A study of 19 former child soldiers

Armed combat in childhood is a form of child abuse. It may lead to serious consequences, including post‐traumatic stress disorder. The inherent emotional abuse and acts or omissions by caregivers may cause behavioural, cognitive, emotional or mental disorder in the child. Nineteen former child soldiers were interviewed in a rehabilitation centre using a standard questionnaire. Reasons for recruitment included: volunteered (18), hatred of enemy (revenge) (5), virtue of being a freedom fighter (martyrdom) (9), as a means of supporting their family (economic) (3). One child was abducted, 7 joined for fear of the ‘enemy’ abducting them, and in 5 a family member was killed by ‘enemy’ or own group. The children were involved in manual labour (15), guard duty (15), front‐line fighting (7), bomb manufacture (5), setting sea/land mines (5) and radio and communication (2). Fifteen were trained in firearms and 14 in self‐destruction. Twelve children attempted to or did run away and 11 refused to obey orders or argued. This led to various punishments, including kitchen duty, beatings, imprisonment, blackmail or death threats. A majority of the children felt sad and emotionally upset when they remembered their mother and family. Children's involvement in war, whatever the ‘justifications’ may be, should always be considered as forced, as they cannot truly comprehend their action in war. The responsibility must be taken by the adult caregivers. The following definition of the abuse of children in armed conflict is proposed: ‘The involvement of dependent, developmentally immature children and adolescents in armed conflict they do not truly comprehend, to which they are unable to give informed consent, and which adversely affects the child's right to unhindered growth and identity as a child’. Firm international agreement on guidelines for the lower age limit of recruitment of children into armed forces is required. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

论乌江流域“土司兵”的成因

元、明、清时期乌江流域土司兵的形成因素主要有三方面:一是历史与现实的因素,既包括招募之便利,也考虑费用之节省;二是政治因素,即采取军事征调和以夷制夷的举措以维护封建统治阶级的利益;三是军事因素,包括卫所制度的崩溃、土兵组织的严密和土兵拼死的精神.     

清代玛纳斯兵屯及相关问题研究

清代玛纳斯兵屯始于乾隆二十七年(公元1762年),成果显著。到乾隆四十二年(公元1777年),玛纳斯眷营的屯田总亩数已达28200亩,屯田士兵达1400人,解决了当地驻军的口粮问题,并对民屯的发展打下了良好的基础。     

简述宋代漕运中押纲武臣与舟卒的营私获利活动

宋代漕运由低级武臣押纲,又有舟卒随船,是其重要特点。押纲武臣和舟卒等同纲船上其他人员营私舞弊,从中获利的不法行为频频发生。营私获利活动包括纲运时夹带私货贩易、在与一般交装中营私舞弊、直接侵盗官物、擅自靠港、违程住滞及南宋时期的＂随纲＂等。     

中国当代文学中的"日本军人"形象演变

中国当代文学中,涉及日本军人的文学数不胜数。中国当代作家对"日本军人"的描写,可以分为两个阶段。第一阶段为80年代以前,这时期的"日本军人"形象大都带有明显的公式化、政治化的倾向,被简单分为"鬼子"和"反战士兵"两极。第二阶段为80年代以来,这时期对"日本军人"的描写摆脱了传统文化的惯性,走上了由政治化向文学化,概念化向人性化,公式化向深度化的转轨。     

明代广州的"达官兵"

明朝曾有大量北方和西北少数民族内附,其中包括相当数量的穆斯林民族.明朝以优惠条件接纳内附者,将他们安置到全国各地,并将其中一部分编为世袭军户,称"达官兵".景泰、成化间,曾将一部分"达官兵"迁入广州,久之,这些移民成了世居广州的居民,成为广州回族的重要来源之一.     

吐蕃统治敦煌时期的“行人”、“行人部落”

吐蕃统治时期在敦煌设置了主要由落蕃唐人组成的行人部落和丝绵部落,吐蕃文分别写作Rgodkyi sde和Dar pavi sde,二者由驻扎于河西地区的吐蕃中翼擘三(Phyug tsams)千户管辖,也被统称为擘三部落。行人即军士,行人部落系军事部落,主要负责军事行动,规模较大,有上、下二部落。丝绵部落则主要负责农桑生产。公元820年在敦煌成立了阿骨萨(Rgodsar)和悉董萨(Stongsar)两个独立军事部落,取代了行人、丝绵部落。之后又成立了另一个独立军事部落悉宁宗(Snying tshom)部落,这三个部落也总称为行人三部落。     

从“精神战士”的鲁迅看他的《故事新编》

《故事新编》问世以来,对其解读的方法很多,而从“精神战士”的鲁迅出发去认识这部独特著作的意义和价值,不失为一种有益的尝试。鲁迅从一踏上文坛就以一个“精神战士”的角色出现,他的小说针对的主要是“国民性”问题,《故事新编》同样是一部演绎他拯救国民性情结的小说。     

太行抗日根据地荣退军人安置工作探析——以黎城县为例

抗战时期,为解决根据地人民负担较重的问题,中国共产党大力实行精兵简政,其中重要的一项就是妥善解决荣退军人的安置问题。在对荣退军人的供给、组织管理的过程中,太行抗日根据地各县政府、荣军管理委员会、区公所及村公所各方共同努力,帮助荣退军人解决日常生产生活问题,努力改善其与干部及群众的关系,并进一步发挥了其社会价值与自我价值。虽在这一过程中仍存在诸多问题与矛盾,但毫无疑问已将安置工作向前推进了一大步,这对于减轻人民群众负担,提高军人威望,坚定士兵抗战决心,维系抗战大局具有重要意义。