中国孩子质量与数量的替代关系现状分析——基于分位数回归方法

文章利用"中国健康与营养调查"2009年度的相关数据,采用分位数回归方法对我国孩子质量与数量间的替代关系进行分析研究,证实在生育政策与社会经济发展双重效力下的我国家庭孩子数量的减少,同时使孩子的质量得以提高。此外,孩子的性别、父母的学历、家庭所处地理位置、家庭长期福利水平以及家中孩子的性别组成也对孩子的质量有显著影响。     

失业与通货膨胀的跨期替代——评2006年诺奖得主埃德蒙•费尔普斯的学术贡献

作为一名杰出的经济学家,2006年诺贝尔经济学奖得主埃德蒙·费尔普斯的一个重要学术贡献体现在对失业与通货膨胀方面的创新性分析上,包括建立“孤岛模型”,对菲利普斯曲线的修正以及自然失业率的提出等。他的理论研究加深了人们对于通货膨胀和失业之间的跨期替代关系的认识,并对经济学研究和经济决策产生了决定性的影响。     

电子商务中的关键技术

走出网络经济的困境需要对电子商务中的关键技术进行深入分析、开发和应用。当前电子商务中的交易模型研究、电子商务交易规则、安全电子商务交易协议、商务智能、电子商务的供应链整合、物流与客户关系管理等是其发展的关键技术。     

基于期望效用-熵风险度量的决策者风险态度

期望效用-熵风险度量将决策者对于风险的感知表示为风险行动的期望效用和状态的熵线性组合,其表达式中,期望效用-熵平衡系数为重要常数参数;展望理论中的实证表明决策者的风险态度和其财富水平相关,文章分析了一类特定决策者财富水平的变化对其风险态度的影响,通过Arrow-Pratt风险厌恶度建立了该类型决策者期望效用-熵平衡系数和财富水平之间的一个关系式,在此基础上分析和解释了一些特定决策者的某些决策行为。     

双重权衡机制下地方财政决策及其风险

为研究地方政府的财政实际能力究竟是否存在一定的赤字，以及公共财政预算赤字决策等问题，将公共预算视作地方政府可通过财政征收力度来进行调控的内生变量，对中央与地方政府的财政收支进行分析。研究认为，在加入地方非公共财政预算收入后，发现地方财政实际能力并不存在赤字反而表现为盈余；与既往文献将公共财政预算收入作为与政府行为无关的外生变量不同，地方政府在制定财政决策时需要同时考虑“公共财政预算总收入与公共财政预算净收入”的短期权衡和“经济增长竞争与财政收入”的长期权衡，使得地方政府在短期权衡中偏向于调节财政征收力度实现最优而非财政预算收入最大化，在长期权衡中偏向于持续调控公共财政预算收入而保持公共财政预算赤字；双重权衡机制会扩大央地财政不平衡，在一定程度上影响中央财政的长期稳健和削弱地方公共财政预算支出增长的可持续性；应该进一步推进财政体制改革，寻找到央地财政关系的新平衡点，以适应新时代发展需求和保障财政能够始终成为经济发展的重大推动力。     

Risk/Benefit Assessments of Human Diseases: Optimum Dose for Intervention

A simple procedure is proposed in order to quantify the tradeoff between a loss suffered from an illness due to exposure to a microbial pathogen and a loss due to a toxic effect, perhaps a different illness, induced by a disinfectant employed to reduce the microbial exposure. Estimates of these two types of risk as a function of disinfectant dose and their associated relative losses provide information for the estimation of the optimum dose of disinfectant that minimizes the total expected loss. The estimates of the optimum dose and expected relative total loss were similar regardless of whether the beta-Poisson, log-logistic, or extreme value function was used to model the risk of illness due to exposure to a microbial pathogen. This is because the optimum dose of the disinfectant and resultant expected minimum loss depend upon the estimated slope (first derivative) of the models at low levels of risk, which appear to be similar for these three models at low levels of risk. Similarly, the choice among these three models does not appear critical for estimating the slope at low levels of risk for the toxic effect induced by the use of a disinfectant. For the proposed procedure to estimate the optimum disinfectant dose, it is not necessary to have absolute values for the losses due to microbial-induced or disinfectant-induced illness, but only relative losses are required. All aspects of the problem are amenable to sensitivity analyses. The issue of risk/benefit tradeoffs, more appropriately called risk/risk tradeoffs, does not appear to be an insurmountable problem.     

Understanding the Risk-Return Relation: The Aggregate Wealth Proxy Actually Matters

ABSTRACT

The ICAPM implies that the market’s conditional expected return is proportional to its conditional variance and that the reward-to-risk ratio equals the representative investor’s coefficient of relative risk aversion. Prior studies examine this relation using the stock market to proxy for aggregate wealth and find mixed results. We show, however, that stock-based tests suffer from low power and lead to biased estimates of the risk-return tradeoff when stocks are an imperfect market proxy. Tests designed to mitigate this bias by incorporating a more comprehensive measure of aggregate wealth produce large, positive estimates of the risk-aversion coefficient around seven to nine. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.     

Risk Characterization for Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is a broad term that encompasses materials, structures, or processes that utilize engineered nanomaterials, which can be defined as materials intentionally designed to have one or more dimensions between 1 and 100 nm. Historically, risk characterization has been viewed as the final phase of a risk assessment process that integrates hazard identification, dose‐response assessment, and exposure assessment. The novelty and diversity of materials, structures, and tools that are covered by above‐defined “nanotechnology” raise substantial methodological issues and pose significant challenges for each of these phases of risk assessment. These issues and challenges culminate in the risk characterization phase of the risk assessment process, and this article discusses several of these key issues and approaches to developing risk characterization results and their implications for risk management decision making that are specific to nanotechnology.     

General Probability‐Time Tradeoff and Intertemporal Risk‐Value Model

This article proposes an intertemporal risk‐value (IRV) model that integrates probability‐time tradeoff, time‐value tradeoff, and risk‐value tradeoff into one unified framework. We obtain a general probability‐time tradeoff, which yields a formal representation form to reflect the psychological distance of a decisionmaker in evaluating a temporal lottery. This intuition of probability‐time tradeoff is supported by robust empirical findings as well as by psychological theory. Through an explicit formalization of probability‐time tradeoff, an IRV model taking into account three fundamental dimensions, namely, value, probability, and time, is established. The object of evaluation in our framework is a complex lottery. We also give some insights into the structure of the IRV model using a wildcatter problem.