亚里士多德的自愿性责任理论

虽然亚里士多德没有明确提出“责任”概念,但却是第一个深入思考了现代思想家将其视为道德责任理论的内容。其责任理论以行为者的自愿性为逻辑起点,思考行为者的行为动力因、知识前提等,进而通过强调理性选择对责任主体规定予以深化,最后以服务其美德伦理学的德性品质为旨归,主张人应该为其行为与品质负责。其中,始终贯穿着一条基本原则,即以理性行为者为中心,以自愿性来解释责任。其道德责任理论在许多方面富有启发性。     

Public Choices Between Life Saving Programs: The Tradeoff Between Qualitative Factors and Lives Saved

In a telephone survey 1000 adults were confronted with pairs of life saving programs that differed in number of lives saved and asked which program in each pair they would choose to implement. Respondents were also asked to rate qualitative program characteristics on 10 point scales. For most respondents, lives saved are significant in explaining program choices, as are psychological risk characteristics. The rate of technical substitution between these characteristics and lives saved is, however, inelastic. It is noteworthy that for about 20 percent of respondents, choices among programs appear to be insensitive to lives saved.     

观念论和随意性——洛克的规定主义语言观

十七世纪英国哲学家洛克的语言观建构于经验主义认识论的基础之上。语词与事物间存在着“观念” 这一中介,表指关系成了私密的个人行为,这就对符号行为的主体间性构成了威胁。洛克的五条规则和定义法表 明他的语言观是规定主义的。尽管洛克对语义发展和语义扩展有独到见解,并且对十九世纪以后的语言学发展有 深远的影响,但这些影响大都不是直接的。     

超越·自动·主我——苏轼人格思想取向阐释

苏轼以实用为准则,儒释道三家思想在其身上看似矛盾斗争,实则互用整合,使他遭受过多舛劫之心趋于平衡,并在平衡、超越基础之上以自动之态取向“主我”。     

Perceptions of Academic Health Science Research Center Personnel Regarding Informed Consent Processes and Therapeutic Misconception

Introduction: Instrumentation exists to measure voluntariness and misunderstanding in informed consent processes. However, research personnel’s perspectives about using instrumentation to measure therapeutic misconceptions in research participants has not been reported. We designed a workshop to promote research personnel knowledge of emerging instrumentation and to study the perceptions of research personnel regarding such instruments.

Methods and Findings: Two nationally recognized experts who have developed psychometric instruments to measure aspects of informed consent presented their recent findings to research personnel of the Medical University of South Carolina at a one-day workshop. Following the presentations, workshop attendees divided into two focus groups and shared their perceptions regarding the presentation content. Inductive thematic analysis detected themes related to informed consent processes including: investigator/provider role clarity; investigator transparency; therapeutic misconception; and screening subjects for understanding.

Conclusion: Our findings suggest future directions in applied, proactive empirical research to better understand investigator perceptions and practices related to transparency in research, and to develop instrumentation to detect risks to the integrity of informed consent in order to promote voluntariness and autonomy and minimize therapeutic misconception in research practices.