Transformation using ( x + 0.5) to stabilize the variance of populations

Transformation is required to achieve homo-scedasticity when we perform ANOVA to test the effect of factors on population abundance. The effectiveness of transformations decreases when the data contain zeros. Especially, the logarithmic transformation or the Box–Cox transformation is not applicable in such a case. For the logarithmic transformation, 1 is traditionally added to avoid such problems. However, there is no concrete foundation as to why 1 is added rather than other constants, such as 0.5 or 2, although the result of ANOVA is much influenced by the added constant. In this paper, I suggest that 0.5 is preferable to 1 as an added constant, because a discrete distribution defined in {0, 1, 2, . . .} is approximately described by a corresponding continuous distribution defined in (0, ≧) if we add 0.5. Numerical investigation confirms this prediction. Received: October 16, 1998 / Accepted: June 10, 1999     

冯延巳对词的抒情模式的建构及其影响

词的雅化与文人化最关键的一步是精神与品格的雅化与文人化。要做到这一点,就必须在原本内容浮泛、娱人为主的词中注入士大夫知识分子的“情”,并使之纳入符合士大夫知识分子审美情趣的抒情模式和风格中。这个变革工作是由冯延巳来首倡和推行的。冯延已最大的成就就是在词中引入了诗歌赋比兴的传统手法,使词有了意境,并因之确立了词思深语丽、含蓄蕴藉的婉约派抒情风格,从而开了北宋一代词风;     

A survey of statistical methods on remote sensing in russian literature from 1976 to 1985

In this article we review the major areas of remote sensing in the Russian literature for the period 1976 to 1985 that use statistical methods to analyze the observed data. For each of the areas, the problems that have been studied and the statistical techniques that have been used are briefly described     

紧一致空间上的1~*-集与拓扑熵

本文给出：设X为紧一致空间，为f的1*-集，则     

关于参数化测度（Ⅲ）

建立无限状态空间上的Ｒｉｅｓｚ表示定理和Ｒａｄｏｎ－Ｎｉｋｏｄｙｍ定理     

Subset selection based on likelihood from uniform and related popupulations

Let π_i (i=1,2,…, k) be charceterized by the uniform distribution on (a_i;b_i), where exactly one of a_i and b_i is unknown. With unequal sample sizes, suppose that from the k (>=2) given populations, we wish to select a random-size subset containing the one with the smllest value of θ_i= b_i - a_i. RuleR_i selects π if a likelihood-based k-dimensional confidence region for the unknown (θ₁,… θ_k) contains at least one point having θ_i as its smallest component. A second rule, R , is derived through a likelihood ratio and turns out to be that of Barr and prabhu whenthe sample sizes are equal. Numerical comparisons are made. The results apply to the larger class of densities g ( z ; θ_i) =M(z)Q(θ_i) if a(θ_i) < z <b(θ_i). Extensions to the cases when both a_i and b_i are unknown and when θ_j isof interest are indicated. 1<=j<=k     

A note on positive dependence im multivariate distributioms

I counterexample is presented to the result by Alam and Malleolus asserting that if Y is stochastically increasing in a random vector X, then Y is stochastically increasing in a subvector of X. Their result concerning m*-positive dependence, whose proof relies on the erroneous result, is still true.     

Higher order inference for stress–strength reliability with independent Burr-type X distributions

In this paper, a small-sample asymptotic method is proposed for higher order inference in the stress–strength reliability model, R=P(Y<X), where X and Y are distributed independently as Burr-type X distributions. In a departure from the current literature, we allow the scale parameters of the two distributions to differ, and the likelihood-based third-order inference procedure is applied to obtain inference for R. The difficulty of the implementation of the method is in obtaining the the constrained maximum likelihood estimates (MLE). A penalized likelihood method is proposed to handle the numerical complications of maximizing the constrained likelihood model. The proposed procedures are illustrated using a sample of carbon fibre strength data. Our results from simulation studies comparing the coverage probabilities of the proposed small-sample asymptotic method with some existing large-sample asymptotic methods show that the proposed method is very accurate even when the sample sizes are small.     

具有纯正~0 po-断面的主序正则半群

研究了具有纯正0po-断面的主序正则半群.将半群的断面理论拓展到po-半群中,并且借助于纯正0po-断面来具体描述主序正则半群的结构.     

PREDICT-1 (CNA106030): the first powered, prospective trial of pharmacogenetic screening to reduce drug adverse events

Pharmacogenetics (PGx) – the study of DNA variation in the human genome and the way this impacts the efficacy and safety of medicines – is becoming an increasingly important research tool as physicians, patients, regulatory authorities and payers look for innovative ways to improve the risk:benefit ratio of medicines. While scientific knowledge about PGx is rapidly increasing, implementation of PGx findings to patient care has yet to be fully achieved. One area where significant progress has been made is in the identification of PGx markers associated with variable response to antiretroviral medicines. For example, the major histocompatibility complex HLA‐B*5701 allele has been associated with hypersensitivity to abacavir (ABC) by several independent researchers. While PGx associations have been identified largely through retrospective examination, the clinical utility of these PGx markers in patient care has not been prospectively determined in a randomized study. This paper outlines the design of a study to evaluate the utility of prospective screening for HLA‐B*5701 to reduce the incidence of ABC hypersensitivity in an ABC‐naïve population of HIV‐infected subjects. This represents the first fully powered, randomized, blinded, prospective study to determine the clinical utility of PGx screening to reduce drug‐associated adverse events in any patient population. This type of trial design may have utility for other important medicines which have treatment‐limiting side effects. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.