How do policy levers shape the quality of a national health system?

Poor quality of care may have a detrimental effect on access and take-up and can become a serious barrier to the universality of health services. This consideration is of particular interest in view of the fact that health systems in many countries must address a growing public-sector deficit and respond to increasing pressures due to COVID-19 and aging population, among other factors. In line with a rapidly emerging literature, we focus on patient satisfaction as a proxy for quality of health care. Drawing on rich longitudinal and cross-sectional data for Spain and multilevel estimation techniques, we show that in addition to individual level differences, policy levers (such as public health spending and the patient-doctor ratio, in particular) exert a considerable influence on the quality of a health care system. Our results suggest that policymakers seeking to enhance the quality of care should be cautious when compromising the level of health resources, and in particular, health personnel, as a response to economic downturns in a sector that traditionally had insufficient human resources in many countries, which have become even more evident in the light of the current health crisis. Additionally, we provide evidence that the increasing reliance on the private health sector may be indicative of inefficiencies in the public system and/or the existence of features of private insurance which are deemed important by patients.     

Gender differences in willingness to compete: The role of public observability

A recent literature emphasizes that gender differences in the labor market may in part be driven by a gender gap in willingness to compete. However, whereas experiments in this literature typically investigate willingness to compete in private environments, real world competitions often have a more public nature, which introduces potential social image concerns. If such image concerns are important, and men and women differ in the degree to which they want to be seen as competitive, making tournament entry decisions publicly observable may further exacerbate the gender gap. We test this prediction using a laboratory experiment (N = 784) that varies the degree to which the decision to compete, and its outcome, is publicly observable. We find that public observability does not alter the magnitude of the gender gap in willingness to compete in an economically or statistically significant way.     

全球化与当代马克思主义中国化

全球化是人类社会发展的一个必然过程。马克思主义是全球化的产物,在全球化和马克思主义的共同作用下,结合中国具体实际,形成了中国化的马克思主义。全球化不仅对马克思主义传入中国和马克思主义中国化的推进产生了深刻的影响,而且对当今中国共产党的指导思想和社会政治现实产生了巨大的作用。     

书写的欲望——论20世纪中国女性文化与女性话语权力

本文在 2 0世纪的文学背景下 ,系统梳理了女性文学发展的脉络 ,指出女性书写是一个男性无法进入而又实际存在的生命空间 ,这一世界相对于男性是“盲区”,女性写作便在这“盲区”中生长、发展 ,形成潮流 ,目的是颠覆男权文化的霸权地位 ,为自己争取话语权力     

以江泽民同志"5·31"讲话和"三个代表"重要思想为指导 全面推进普通女子高等教育

学习江泽民同志“5·31”讲话,要牢牢把握“三个代表”这条主线,要紧紧抓住解放思想、实事求是、与时俱进、开拓创新这个精髓,要立足于理论联系实际,全面推进普通女子高等教育,加快中华女子学院的发展。     

萧红与20世纪中国女性文学

萧红是20世纪中国女性文学最杰出的代表性作家之一,与冰心、丁玲、张爱玲等作家相比,其独特性和不可替代性主要表现为三点第一,没有局限于知识女性的狭窄视野,避免陷入女性文学的精英主义误区,自觉为中国最广大下层女性代言,执著关注中国下层妇女的生存状态和人生悲剧;第二,始终如一地坚持以女性视角和女性生命体验来描绘普通女性生存真相并对她们寄寓着深切悲悯,体现出独立、清醒、深刻的现代女性意识;第三,拓展、丰富、深化了20世纪中国女性文学的表现内涵,提高了其审美品格.     

20世纪清代学术史研究回顾

20世纪清代学术史的研究历程可分为三个阶段。前半期 ,梁启超、钱穆等资产阶级史学家在研究中 ,力戒门户之见 ,注重揭示各种学术思潮与流派兴衰的内在因果关系 ,重视汇通中西文化的学术思想及方法论的探讨 ;中后期 ,以侯外庐等为代表的马克思主义史学家用历史唯物主义的理论和方法 ,清理发掘了清代学术史中丰富的思想文化遗产 ;近二十年来 ,清代学术史研究取得了辉煌的成就 ,开拓了许多新的研究领域 ,内容涉及对清代学术史的专题研究 ,也有对清代某个学者的个案研究     

论五四后梁漱溟在传统思想现代化方面的局限性

五四运动后的 2 0 -3 0年代 ,为使传统思想现代化和西方思想中国化 ,梁漱溟在推崇宋明理学的同时 ,吸收了许多西方近代资产阶级思想来完善自己的理论。但就总体而言 ,梁漱溟所做的理论探索和实践运作 ,有很大的局限性 ,与中国的现代化思想相去甚远 ,倒是更多地表现了保守、落后和空想的成分     

当今中国社会主义建设的纲领性文件——浅析十六大报告对《共产党宣言》的继承和发展

<共产党宣言>所开创的伟大事业,在中国共产党的继承、发展和创新下,取得了举世瞩目的成就.十六大是我党在新时期召开的一次极为重要的会议,会议通过的报告从多方面继承和发展了<共产党宣言>的基本观点,是当今中国社会主义建设的纲领性文件,是新世纪初中国社会主义建设的<共产党宣言>.     

面向21世纪“两课“教学总体研究

2 1世纪 ,复杂多变的国际国内形势 ,给“两课”教学带来前所未有的挑战。鉴于此 ,面向新世纪的“两课”教学总体研究势在必行。研究范围包括深化“两课”教学内容、完善课程体系、建全学科体系、改革教学方法、加强师资队伍建设等多个方面