How do policy levers shape the quality of a national health system?

Poor quality of care may have a detrimental effect on access and take-up and can become a serious barrier to the universality of health services. This consideration is of particular interest in view of the fact that health systems in many countries must address a growing public-sector deficit and respond to increasing pressures due to COVID-19 and aging population, among other factors. In line with a rapidly emerging literature, we focus on patient satisfaction as a proxy for quality of health care. Drawing on rich longitudinal and cross-sectional data for Spain and multilevel estimation techniques, we show that in addition to individual level differences, policy levers (such as public health spending and the patient-doctor ratio, in particular) exert a considerable influence on the quality of a health care system. Our results suggest that policymakers seeking to enhance the quality of care should be cautious when compromising the level of health resources, and in particular, health personnel, as a response to economic downturns in a sector that traditionally had insufficient human resources in many countries, which have become even more evident in the light of the current health crisis. Additionally, we provide evidence that the increasing reliance on the private health sector may be indicative of inefficiencies in the public system and/or the existence of features of private insurance which are deemed important by patients.     

全球化与当代马克思主义中国化

全球化是人类社会发展的一个必然过程。马克思主义是全球化的产物,在全球化和马克思主义的共同作用下,结合中国具体实际,形成了中国化的马克思主义。全球化不仅对马克思主义传入中国和马克思主义中国化的推进产生了深刻的影响,而且对当今中国共产党的指导思想和社会政治现实产生了巨大的作用。     

十八大以来习近平青年工作思想及其意义

党的十八大以来,习近平青年工作思想是在继承和发展马克思列宁主义青年工作思想、中国共产党高度重视青年工作优良传统的基础上,回应新时代青年工作不断发展创新的现实需要而提出的。这一思想强调青年理想信念教育、本领学识培养、成长成才服务和青年组织深化改革,实现了中国共产党青年工作思想的与时俱进,进一步推动了我国青年组织的优化升级,为广大青年的健康成长提供了正确指引。     

《十八大报告》中模糊语言的翻译

由于语言自身的特点和语境的需要，政治文本中有大量的模糊表达法。如何翻译这些表达法，对于提高译本的可接受性及准确传达说话人的意思、实现交际目的，具有重要意义。本文将模糊语言分为模糊句子、模糊限制语、模糊词语三种类型，分析中央编译局提供的《十八大报告》英文译本，发现每一种类型的模糊语都有多种译法，但总体原则是让译文符合译入语习惯和实现说话人的交际意图。     

RAILROADS AND GROWTH IN PRUSSIA

We study the effect of railroad access on urban population growth. Using GIS techniques, we match triennial population data for roughly 1,000 cities in 19th‐century Prussia to georeferenced maps of the German railroad network. We find positive short‐ and long‐term effects of having a station on urban growth for different periods during 1840–1871. Causal effects of (potentially endogenous) railroad access on city growth are identified using propensity score matching, instrumental variables, and fixed‐effects estimation techniques. Our instrument identifies exogenous variation in railroad access by constructing straight‐line corridors between nodes. Counterfactual models using pre‐railroad growth yield no evidence to support the hypothesis that railroads appeared as a consequence of a previous growth spurt.     

基于单片机的无线遥控小车研究与实现

本文介绍了一种由STC12C5A60S2单片机控制的无线遥控小车,采用控传和图传独立设计的思想,即数据收发模块进行控制和温度数据的传输,图传模块负责作业环境的图像传输.控传部分以STC12C5A60S2单片机为核心,利用NRF24L01+模块数据收发,L298N电机驱动两路直流电机,使小车完成相应动作;DS18B20负责检测温度,由小车收发模块发射,LCD1602液晶模块显示.系统采用模块化设计,结构紧凑,便于优化,且可靠性能高.     

18世纪朝鲜北学思想探源

18世纪朝鲜北学思想堪称朝鲜走向近代社会的前奏.它主要是在部分朝鲜入华燕行使臣深切感受到清初中国政治稳定、人民生活繁盛、文化事业发达的过程中逐渐形成的,更准确地说是在使臣为解决其传统华夷观与现实所产生的矛盾中,在其"攘清夷"观逐渐被打破的过程中形成的.虽然它率先提出打破"华夷之辨"的口号,但根本上还是对中国传统儒家文化认同的一种回归.     

南戏《小孙屠》用韵考

改自北曲杂剧的南戏《小孙屠》,其用韵沿袭了南戏的押韵特点,如支微与鱼模通押,真文、庚青、侵寻通押,先天、寒山、桓欢、廉纤、监咸通押。韵部的分合接近宋词18部,如齐微与支思合为一个韵部,这与宋词18部相同,而先天独立为一个韵部则与之有异。《小孙屠》中没有单独押入声的曲子,入声字一律与阴声韵的字相押,这可能与改自北曲有关。其入声字的归属与《中原音韵》大致相同,只有个别入声字的押韵不同,这种不同属于方音的音近通押。     

W18Cr4V钢制造齿轮铣刀的热处理工艺

首先介绍W18Cr4V钢所含合金元素及其主要作用。随后重点分析W18Cr4V高速钢制造盘形齿轮铣刀的热处理工艺。掌握高速钢的热处理工艺方法,对于提高刀具的耐用度及加工质量具有现实意义。采用不同的热处理工艺参数,能得到不同的性能,同时也可满足不同工作条件和性能要求以及应用场合。     

基于单片机的温湿度检测系统设计简

以STC89C52RC单片机为中心控制器件,设计了温湿度检测系统,系统包括温度传感模块、湿度传感器、单片机编程模块、显示模决、控制模决五部分.该系统可以实时采集工厂环境中的温度和湿度,并将具体的数据显示在液晶显示屏上.系统具有结构简单,使用方便,温湿度检测灵活、精确等优点.