Coping with work stress: Psychological benefits of exercise

Although the health-enhancing effects of physical exercise have been well documented, less is known about how exercise benefits stressed employees psychologically. This article examines exercise as a coping response, and identifies changes in self-schemata (a person's underlying belief systems about him or herself) as the means by which exercise affects coping resources. In addition, by drawing on schema theory and the exercise literature, the active components of an exercise programme and the individuals who might enhance their ability to cope with stress through such a programme are identified.     

清代司法实践中的情理初探

在清代,司法实践的根本依据不是成文法,而是自身含义带有极大非实定性的情理。可以说,情理构成了清代的司法精神。那么,以灵活变通为追求的情理,是否存在一个不变的、实定的核心,或者说情理的本质是什么呢?如果存在,它产生于怎样的社会土壤?本文将从情理的词源含义、法律含义等角度入手,分析情理的本质;并从伦理作用下的情理与情理中的伦理两方面阐释情理生存的社会土壤。     

Discrete time modelling of disease incidence time series by using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods

Summary.  A stochastic discrete time version of the susceptible–infected–recovered model for infectious diseases is developed. Disease is transmitted within and between communities when infected and susceptible individuals interact. Markov chain Monte Carlo methods are used to make inference about these unobserved populations and the unknown parameters of interest. The algorithm is designed specifically for modelling time series of reported measles cases although it can be adapted for other infectious diseases with permanent immunity. The application to observed measles incidence series motivates extensions to incorporate age structure as well as spatial epidemic coupling between communities.     

上海市空气污染造成人群健康经济损失的研究

文章通过对上海市空气污染季节性状况的描述 ,分析了各种污染物的污染程度和变化趋势 ,并利用对上海某市级医院的实地调查数据 ,对空气污染物与医院呼吸系统疾病患者日门诊量之间的相关关系进行研讨 ,建立了多元分析模型 ,探讨了患者健康经济损失的计量方法 ,并对由空气污染造成呼吸系统疾病患者健康经济损失进行了估算。研究表明 ,在其他条件不变的情况下 ,NOX 日指数每增长 10 % ,被调查医院呼吸系统疾病患者的日门诊人次增加 7 7人次 ,而这些疾病患者由于患病产生的年度健康经济损失为 2 11万元。据此作保守的推断估计 ,上海市一年内因NOX 超标而发生的呼吸系统疾病门诊行为造成的健康经济损失可以达到 4 2亿元。同样 ,SO2 和TSP造成门诊患者的健康经济损失分别为 1 5亿元和 0 86亿元     

Analysis of Regional Scale Risk of Whirling Disease in Populations of Colorado and Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout Using a Bayesian Belief Network Model

Introduction and spread of the parasite Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease, has contributed to the collapse of wild trout populations throughout the intermountain west. Of concern is the risk the disease may have on conservation and recovery of native cutthroat trout. We employed a Bayesian belief network to assess probability of whirling disease in Colorado River and Rio Grande cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii pleuriticus and Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis, respectively) within their current ranges in the southwest United States. Available habitat (as defined by gradient and elevation) for intermediate oligochaete worm host, Tubifex tubifex, exerted the greatest influence on the likelihood of infection, yet prevalence of stream barriers also affected the risk outcome. Management areas that had the highest likelihood of infected Colorado River cutthroat trout were in the eastern portion of their range, although the probability of infection was highest for populations in the southern, San Juan subbasin. Rio Grande cutthroat trout had a relatively low likelihood of infection, with populations in the southernmost Pecos management area predicted to be at greatest risk. The Bayesian risk assessment model predicted the likelihood of whirling disease infection from its principal transmission vector, fish movement, and suggested that barriers may be effective in reducing risk of exposure to native trout populations. Data gaps, especially with regard to location of spawning, highlighted the importance in developing monitoring plans that support future risk assessments and adaptive management for subspecies of cutthroat trout.     

Risk Assessment for Hospital-Acquired Diseases: A Risk-Theory Approach

We introduce a new approach to hospital-acquired disease risk assessment from public health databases. In a spirit similar to actuarial risk theory, we define an adjustment coefficient that can quantify the risk associated with a hospital department, allowing comparisons of similar departments. The adjustment coefficient characterizes the tail of the distribution of the total patient length of stay in a department before the first disease event occurs. We show that this coefficient is the solution of a Lundberg-like equation, and we provide a nonparametric estimation procedure for this measure, based on a Cramér-Lundberg approximation for the tail of the distribution. Using simulations, we provide evidence of the robustness of the approximation to various individual risk models. In addition, we illustrate the relevance of this approach by evaluating the risk associated with a standard patient safety indicator in 20 hospitals of southeastern France.     

唐代佛教与山水共生的寺院诗

在中国诗史上,唐代是寺院诗创作的转进与勃兴期,作品数量及题材拓展均取得极大突破。在书写模式上,相继形成藉景畅理、触境明心、纪实绘景三种类型,充分体现佛教与山水互彰的共生性,为山水诗开拓出全新境界。唐人寺院诗重写景造境,常以动静相生法状清寂之景,物态生动,意境幽玄。寺院诗在艺术表现上追求警策,字锻句炼,隽语频出,普遍形成以精切之语状绝胜之景的艺术效果。     

英汉壮思维器官跨语言文化比较

思维是人类具有的共同能力之一。不同的民族运用不同的身体器官来思维和表达情感并形成自己独特的民族文化。对这些文化差异的认知,我们可以通过语言层面做具体的分析比较获得。就思维器官跨语言文化比较角度而言,英语民族倾向于用脑智"mind"(脑),汉族倾向于用心智"heart"(心),而壮族则倾向于用喉智"hoz"(throat喉咙,即用喉咙思维和表达情感)。通过跨语言文化比较,可以加深我们对文化差异及文化多样性的认识和理解,更好地进行跨文化交际活动。     

医疗保险对老年人身体机能健康和心理健康的影响及其机制研究

随着我国人口老龄化不断加剧,切实保障好老年人健康格外紧迫。基于此,文章采用中国健康与养老追踪调查数据从身体机能健康和心理健康两个维度实证考察了医疗保险对老年人健康的影响及其作用机制。研究发现,医疗保险能够显著提高老年人身体机能健康和心理健康。机制研究表明,医疗保险能够显著提高老年人医疗服务利用、降低老年人慢性病发生率进而影响到老年人健康。因此,进一步扩大老年人医疗保险覆盖面、提高医疗保障水平、促进医疗服务公平性和可及性,是我国人口老龄化不断加剧状况下保障老年人健康的重要途径。