Stepwise canonical analysis in categorical data

Assignment of optimum scores to the categories of a multidimensional contingency table by use of a stepwise method of canonical correlations for more than two vector variables is proposed and illustrated for the well-known blood serological data of Taylor, first analyzed by Fisher. This stepwise method provides a technique for eliminating categories that do not contribute significantly to the relationship.     

Embeddedness and the repatriation intention of assigned and self-initiated expatriates

Expatriation research has been intrigued by the question of how to prevent the unplanned return of expatriates to their home country. Although a majority of studies have focused on assigned expatriates (AEs), only recently have researchers expanded the scope of analysis by focusing on self-initiated expatriates (SIEs). For SIEs, research has identified job embeddedness as a key explanatory concept for early repatriation without yet acknowledging its potential to also explain the early expatriation of AEs. However, because AEs and SIEs differ in important motivational and behavioral aspects, the lack of comparative studies prohibits a deeper understanding of the mechanisms through which job embeddedness influences early repatriation. We build on belongingness theory to conceptualize early repatriation as a compensatory reaction of expatriates to an inhibited need to belong. Using a unique sample of 345 expatriates from 40 countries, we show that off-the-job embeddedness is more important for explaining the repatriation intention of AEs than of SIEs, whereas on-the-job embeddedness is more important for explaining the repatriation of SIEs compared to AEs. Our integrative model carries important theoretical implications for expatriation research and provides managerial implications for recruiting and retaining AEs and SIEs.     

Multiple Interacting Risk Factors: On Methods for Allocating Risk Factor Interactions

A persistent problem in health risk analysis where it is known that a disease may occur as a consequence of multiple risk factors with interactions is allocating the total risk of the disease among the individual risk factors. This problem, referred to here as risk apportionment, arises in various venues, including: (i) public health management, (ii) government programs for compensating injured individuals, and (iii) litigation. Two methods have been described in the risk analysis and epidemiology literature for allocating total risk among individual risk factors. One method uses weights to allocate interactions among the individual risk factors. The other method is based on risk accounting axioms and finding an optimal and unique allocation that satisfies the axioms using a procedure borrowed from game theory. Where relative risk or attributable risk is the risk measure, we find that the game‐theory‐determined allocation is the same as the allocation where risk factor interactions are apportioned to individual risk factors using equal weights. Therefore, the apportionment problem becomes one of selecting a meaningful set of weights for allocating interactions among the individual risk factors. Equal weights and weights proportional to the risks of the individual risk factors are discussed.     

“中甸之争”:清初丽江改土归流原因探析

清初,滇西北地区形势复杂多变,康熙年间丽江木氏土司对中甸等地的控制权进行了近40年(1682-1720)的争夺。“中甸之争”涉及云南、四川、和硕特蒙古、丽江木氏土司等多方势力,并一直延续到丽江改土归流前夕,与丽江改土归流有重要联系。中甸的战略地位以及“中甸之争”是丽江改土归流的内因,罗卜藏丹津叛乱是外因,“中甸之争”的影响是高其倬奏请清政府丽江改土归流的直接理由,而土民控诉、请求改土归流则是丽江改土归流的导火索。     

关于选调生理想与现实差异的调查分析

作为国家一项重要的人才政策,选调生政策在全国各地得到了积极的响应。笔者对广西南宁市、县选调生进行了调查。调查表明,当前选调生处于理想与现实的矛盾差异中。     

Assigned Shares in Compensation for Radiation-Related Cancers

At the request of Congress, a Working Group of the National Institutes of Health prepared radioepidemiologic tables which estimate the likelihood that cancer victims previously exposed to a dose of radiation developed their cancer as a result of this exposure. The ultimate purpose of the tables is to provide a scientific basis for determining compensation for such victims, and their use would represent a marked departure from the current tort system for deciding compensation. The preparation of radioepidemiologic tables requires extensive mathematical modeling because matters such as sex, size of dose, age at exposure, type of cancer, and age at diagnosis must be taken into account. The limited data require many assumptions about the quantitative relationship between radiation dose and the age-specific incidence rate of cancer. After partitioning a population into reference sets based on age at exposure, size of dose, type of cancer, etc., an assigned share is computed for each reference set and then assigned to all of its members. The assigned share represents the fraction of the cancer cases in the reference set that are attributed to the radiation dose. Because the population can be partitioned in many ways, each individual's assigned share depends on the partition used and will change with different partitions. Options for modeling and limitations in epidemiologic data lead to considerable uncertainties in estimates of assigned shares that have been scientifically evaluated for the Working Group's tables. In contrast, the uncertainties associated with the current approach for determining the likelihood that a claimant's cancer was caused by radiation have not been appraised, but are likely to be even greater than those associated with the Working Group's tables. One issue is how to use such tables to compensate victims. Some among many possibilities are: to use them together with a compensation formula to determine the fraction of a standard award to be given; to use them as a starting value for the fraction, to be modified by an authority on the basis of additional information supplied by the claimant and defendant; and to use them as input to the present compensation system.