战后美国对外援助政策的历史考察

〕关于美国对外援助 ,学者在论述时 ,往往侧重于得出结论性的评价 ,如把美国的对外援助与人权外交结合起来 ,认为美国对外援助尤其是经济援助是推行人权外交的工具 ,体现了美国的霸权主义 ;也有一些学者认为 ,美国提出对外经济援助计划的主要目的是为了维护美国的经济、政治利益 ,它与人权外交的关系不大。美国对外援助政策的提出 ,是美国外交政策的重大突破 ,自此美国人的视野更加开阔 ,对外援助政策是实现美国世界霸权的工具 ,无论何时美国的对外援助政策都是为了维护美国国内经济的持续繁荣 ,国内政策的制定一直是美国政府的中心工作     

Sifting the wheat from the chaff—the organization of telephone intake and the selection of social assistance inquirers in Sweden

In Sweden, the initial contact between help-seeking people and a social welfare office normally takes place over the telephone, with designated intake officers handling those aiming to apply for social assistance. Citizens seeking help are here sorted according to various eligibility criteria as well as according to different intake routines. The outcome of the sorting process is that some receive an appointment for a further assessment while others are sent away. This article describes and classifies the degree of selection at seven telephone intakes, discusses relations between the degrees of selection and reasons for selection and distinguishes several selection strategies.     

农业节水灌溉技术扩散过程中的影响因素分析

农业节水灌溉技术对于提高农业灌溉用水的利用率非常重要,为了使农业节水灌溉技术更好的扩散,本文对农业节水灌溉技术扩散过程进行了详细分析。通过对农业节水灌溉技术扩散过程中的扩散源、被扩散的节水灌溉技术、扩散技术采用者等影响扩散的因素进行分析,以期为农村地区农业节水灌溉技术扩散效果的提高提供帮助。     

WTO框架下农业补贴的法律适用问题研究

在WTO框架下规范补贴问题的有适用所有货物贸易的一般补贴规则——《补贴与反补贴措施协议》,以及专门规范农业补贴问题的《农业协议》。在涉及农业补贴的具体法律适用上,根据累加适用原则,在农业补贴问题上同样要适用一般补贴规则。然而累加适用,一般补贴规则和《农业协议》会产生冲突,此时根据有效解释原则、《农业协议》第21.1条和特别法优于一般法原则,《农业协议》应该优先于一般补贴规则适用。     

发展重庆市养殖业的影响因素分析

面对世界经济一体化的到来、中国加入WTO、西部大开发战略的实施 ,重庆养殖业国际化是必然趋势。通过分析重庆养殖业发展的影响因素 ,认为以大城市带大农村特色的重庆直辖市发展养殖业既有机会 ,又有挑战。应运用现代养殖科学技术 ,提高养殖产品质量 ,充分利用绿箱保护政策 ,获取市场机会 ,确保重庆养殖产品能顺利进入市场 ,让重庆养殖业立足市内、国内市场 ,着眼于国际市场健康持续发展     

论美国对韩国开发援助政策的形成

朝鲜战争结束后,为有效遏制亚洲共产主义．美国实施了以军事目标为核心的对韩国援助政策。尽管此后美国对韩军援助数额不断上升,但韩国经济状况却不断恶化,对关依赖越来越严重,美韩关系也因此出现危机。在美苏冷战的“新一轮争夺”、美国国际收支状况恶化、开发主义理论盛行的背景下,国务院不断对现有政策进行评估和修正,1961年1月对韩开发援助政策形成。肯尼迪上台后,开发援助政策实施,它成为韩国经济走向起飞之路的巨大推动力。     

新疆高校中亚留学生汉语学习需求调查研究——以新疆大学为例

采用问卷调查的方法,以新疆大学国际文化交流学院中亚留学生为调查样本,对其汉语学习需求进行了探索性实证研究,得出以下主要结论：中亚留学生汉语水平的目标主要分为初级和中高级两个层次,应细化学生需求,提供区别性教学对策。中亚留学生汉语学习时间较短,应采用速成强化教学模式。汉字占用了过多的学习资源,应采用“语文分开、集中识字”的教学模式。中亚留学生汉语学习符合二语习得一般规律,应加强泛读课型和习得性教学活动的研究。新疆对外汉语教学与中亚留学生的目标需求之间存在着差距,应加强教学资源的建设。     

Comparison of methods for analyzing binary repeated measures data: A simulation-based study (comparison of methods for binary repeated measures)

In this study, some methods suggested for binary repeated measures, namely, Weighted Least Squares (WLS), Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE), and Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) are compared with respect to power, type 1 error, and properties of estimates. The results indicate that with adequate sample size, no missing data, the only covariate being time effect, and a relatively limited number of time points, the WLS method performs well. The GEE approach performs well only for large sample sizes. The GLMM method is satisfactory with respect to type I error, but its estimates have poorer properties than the other methods.     

Young Mothers’ Experiences of Receiving the Baby Bonus: A Qualitative Study

The year 2014 marked the abolition of the Baby Bonus and its replacement with a substantially reduced parenting payment. While often criticised as “middle-class welfare,” or publicly denounced due to its purported misuse by disadvantaged mothers, this paper argues that the Baby Bonus provided valuable financial assistance to families experiencing high financial stress. To investigate young women's experience of receiving the Baby Bonus, 19 semistructured interviews were conducted with young mothers in Melbourne who had recently had babies. Many were experiencing financial stress and this payment provided much needed financial support for the basic costs arising from having a baby. Several mothers perceived work as a luxury that was out of reach due to high childcare costs relative to their earning capacity and therefore saw Paid Parental Leave as a further privilege unavailable to them. Our results suggest that while the concerns of policymakers to achieve the best use of scarce resources are critical, it should also be acknowledged that the policy change may have serious implications for many young mothers and may exacerbate disadvantage, and young mothers’ sense of alienation, ultimately leading to greater inequalities.     

Protection of privacy in efficient application of randomized response techniques

In estimating the proportion of people bearing a sensitive attribute A, say, in a given community, following Warner’s (J Am Stat Assoc 60:63–69, 1965) pioneering work, certain randomized response (RR) techniques are available for application. These are intended to ensure efficient and unbiased estimation protecting a respondent’s privacy when it touches a person’s socially stigmatizing feature like rash driving, tax evasion, induced abortion, testing HIV positive, etc. Lanke (Int Stat Rev 44:197–203, 1976), Leysieffer and Warner (J Am Stat Assoc 71:649–656, 1976), Anderson (Int Stat Rev 44:213–217, 1976, Scand J Stat 4:11–19, 1977) and Nayak (Commun Stat Theor Method 23:3303–3321, 1994) among others have discussed how maintenance of efficiency is in conflict with protection of privacy. In their RR-related activities the sample selection is traditionally by simple random sampling (SRS) with replacement (WR). In this paper, an extension of an essential similarity in case of general unequal probability sample selection even without replacement is reported. Large scale surveys overwhelmingly employ complex designs other than SRSWR. So extension of RR techniques to complex designs is essential and hence this paper principally refers to them. New jeopardy measures to protect revelation of secrecy presented here are needed as modifications of those in the literature covering SRSWR alone. Observing that multiple responses are feasible in addressing such a dichotomous situation especially with Kuk’s (Biometrika 77:436–438, 1990) and Christofides’ (Metrika 57:195–200, 2003) RR devices, an average of the response-specific jeopardizing measures is proposed. This measure which is device dependent, could be regarded as a technical characteristic of the device and it should be made known to the participants before they agree to use the randomization device. The views expressed are the authors’, not of the organizations they work for. Prof Chaudhuri’s research is partially supported by CSIR Grant No. 21(0539)/02/EMR-II.