Analyzing mental health evaluation: moral and ethical dimensions

Now that evaluators have been sensitized to the importance of moral and ethical issues in their work, it is time to move beyond generalities and examine the moral and ethical implications of specific evaluation models in specific settings. This paper proposes a framework that can be used to examine moral and ethical dimensions of evaluation and illustrates it by analyzing a selected model of mental health evaluation. Such a systematic identification of moral issues can improve evaluation practice both proactively, by shaping the training of evaluators, and retrospectively, by contributing to meta-evaluation.     

禁忌语的“言有所指”刍议

语言学家奥斯汀在他的言语行为理论中把施为句分成三种：以言指事、以言行事和以言成事。我们借用奥斯汀的以言指事之称，认为语言中的禁忌语也是“言有所指”，指代的是客观世界中人们所避讳的事物和理念，因此被禁忌。禁忌语的“言有所指”大致可以分为人称代词指称语类、专有名词指称语类、普通名词指称语类三个类别。人们之所以禁忌这些言语，是混淆了“能指”和“所指”之间的关系。     

情人誓言背后的真情与假意——《曼斯菲尔德庄园》的复调解析

《曼斯菲尔德庄园》是奥斯丁留给19世纪英国文学的一份珍贵遗产。通过以巴赫金的复调理论为视角,对这部小说进行重新解读,可以发现小说在角色塑造、场景铺设、叙事结构几个方面都体现了被巴赫金称为＂多声部＂现象的复调特征。凭借这些复调特征,小说为我们更详实地了解英国19世纪初的社会风貌提供了契机。     

Austin Turk,stratification reinforcers and reversals,and traffic ticket decisions by Boston police during April and May of 2001

Austin Turk theorizes that places in stratification hierarchies affect police–citizen encounters by reinforcing or reversing the positional authority of police officers. To this point, however, there have been only three direct tests of the stratification portions of Turk's theory. Two examined overt conflict and all represented Turk's concepts using aggregated measures. The results are mixed. The present research adds a fourth test to the stratification and policing literatures by examining the effects of aggregated as well as disaggregated measures of stratification reinforcers and reversals on traffic ticket decisions by Boston police officers during April and May of 2001. Net of important control measures, there is no support for Turk's theory using the aggregated stratification measures employed in previous research. However, support for Turk's theory is clearly visible when viewed through the lens of some of the disaggregated stratification measures advanced for the first time in present research. We conclude that more research is needed to determine whether stratification reinforcers and reversals are among the factors affecting people in police blue and the people they police, with a sustained focus on both aggregated and disaggregated measures.     

Determinants of fertility levels and change among developed countries: 1958–1978

This article provides a multivariate cross-national test of the hypothesis that national population/family planning policies have effected levels, and changes in fertility in developed nations over the past two decades. Variation is assessed in the total fertility rates (TFR) in 1978, and in the change in these rates between 1958 and 1978, among thirty developed countries. Measures include socioeconomic development, divorce, percent in consensual unions, female labor force participation, abortion policy, and level of contraceptive use by married couples and, government population/family planning policy. Seventy percent of the variation in 1978 TFR is related to the percent contracepting, female labor force, and the population/family planning policy measures. These are the only measures with significant direct effects. A longitudinal analysis of 1958 to 1978 change in TFRs is also conducted. This model increases R² to 75%, and the three independent variables remain significant. Implications of these findings for policy makers interested in increasing or decreasing fertility rates are noted.     

哲学分析的典范--奥斯汀驳感觉材料理论

奥斯汀对感觉材料理论的驳斥是他运用语言探究方法检查传统哲学论证的一个典型范例.他认为“我们是感知物质事物还是感知感觉材料?”这个传统知觉问题本身似是而非,而建基在“依据错觉的论证”之上的感觉材料理论则包含大量迷惑人的谬误和各种隐藏着的动机.艾耶尔所表述的论证包含许多语词上的误用或滥用以及诸多对知觉事实的错误概括,其真实动机就是要把现实世界观念化或虚幻化.奥斯汀对感觉材料理论的驳斥并非仅具有否定意义,在批驳感觉材料理论过程中,他还在知觉对象、知觉方式、知觉描述、经验性质等方面提出正面的观点.他的观点至少校正了我们思考知觉问题的框架和方向.     

Do females necessarily have the same occupational status scores as males? A conceptual and empirical examination of the Duncan Socioeconomic Status Index and Nam-Powers Occupational Status Scores

Social Science researchers have advanced important yet somewhat contradictory conclusions regarding the different economic and occupational reward structures faced by men and women. Income and wage differences between men and women have been shown to be sizable and persistent throughout the occupational hierarchy. Conversely, gender differences in occupational status, commonly scaled by the Duncan Socioeconomic Index, have been shown to be small or nonexistent in most studies. In an attempt to investigate this incongruity, the present study undertakes a comparison of the Duncan SEI and the Nam-Powers Occupational Status Scores in an empirical study of the occupational position of white men and women in 65 large standard metropolitan statistical areas (SMSAs) in 1970. While the findings of earlier studies showing no gender differences in occupational status are for the most part replicated using the Duncan SEI, use of the Nam-Powers scores prompts a much different conclusion. Large status differences between men and women are indicated using this latter scale, differences which are very much in line with income differences commonly cited. We suggest that the Nam-Powers metric should be used instead of the Duncan SEI in studies of occupational status of women and men.     

重读《傲慢与偏见》

《傲慢与偏见》是英国19世纪小说家简·奥斯丁的代表作。她用精湛的语言、变化多姿的描写以及对人性的透彻理解和理性的嘲讽,生动细腻地描写了彭伯里庄园和尼日斐庄园里的各种人物的婚姻关系。奥斯丁用戏剧化的手法和反讽的语调向人们揭示了资产阶级婚姻的＂经济学＂原理—金钱交易和利益的结合。     

论哈贝马斯对言语行为理论的继承与超越

哈贝马斯的普遍语用学以奥斯汀与塞尔的言语行为理论为基础，但又有超越。这种超越体现在3个方面：哈贝马斯突破了奥斯汀与塞尔关于制度界限内的以言行事行为，提出了非制度界限内的言语行为，并研究了后者实现以言行事的效果必须要满足的语用前提；与奥斯汀和塞尔不同，哈贝马斯明确提出了3种不同的有效性要求；哈贝马斯在批判奥斯汀与塞尔对言语行为分类的基础上，提出了自己的言语行为的分类。     

解析Austin语用哲学的缘起

Austin是语用学科的导引者和奠基人,他以哲学的视角创立了语用学研究的核心理论-言语行为理论,借以阐释游离于形式逻辑之外的自然语言.分析了Austin形式逻辑存在的困顿,阐述其语用论的意义观,在此基础上分析了Austin言语行为理论的基本特征,认为Austin言语行为理论扩大了语言意义的维度,加深了音义结构的句法深度.