Rural ageing in the United States: Trends and contexts

This paper examines rural population ageing in the United States with a particular focus on the contrasting contexts in which older rural residents live. We compare the characteristics of the older population by rural versus urban residence, and explore challenges and opportunities associated with the ageing of rural baby boomers. The United States is a vast territory, and rural areas in the US are diverse regionally, in poverty and income, principal forms of employment, proximity to metropolitan areas, population size, density and composition, the history of change in these parameters, and a number of other factors that affect the ageing process. Hence, the diversity across rural areas is an important consideration in what affects the well being of rural elderly individuals, as well as the community-level impacts of rural ageing. Further, the characteristics of the older rural population help shape community and rural development outcomes for diverse rural communities. We use data from various US Census Bureau sources, and cite other studies to provide a demographic overview of ageing in the rural United States, and to analyze how this situation differs in varying socio-demographic and regional contexts. In the concluding section, we focus on policy implications associated with rural ageing.     

To stay or to go? Postretirement housing choices of single Baby Boomer women

Single women of the Baby Boomer generation are often financially disadvantaged in the retirement planning process due to their lower accumulated savings compared to male retirees. This disadvantage impacts significant consumption decisions such as postretirement housing choices. This study uses the theory of planned behavior to examine how certainty in intentions influences preparing and planning for postretirement housing. A typology of single Baby Boomer women is developed based on their financial, demographic, and psychological circumstances. Each segment likely requires different informational strategies and financial services to foster proactive planning for retirement. Significant implications exist for social policy and the financial services sector.     

Cohort Succession in the US Housing Market: New Houses, the Baby Boom, and Income Stratification

Federal housing policy in the US across the postwar period supported the construction of new houses more than public provision or renovation of older structures as a means of ensuring a sufficient supply of quality dwellings. Understanding trends in new housing in particular is thus crucial to understanding the housing regime. Following Myers (Housing demography: Linking demographic structure and housing markets. University of Wisconsin Press, 1990; Housing Studies, 14, 473–490,1999), this paper conceptualizes historical change in the housing stock within a demographic framework as the movement of cohorts of households through cohorts of housing stock. Recent evidence suggests that a new cohort of houses arose in the 1980s and 1990s (larger with more amenities than past vintages), and that buyers of those new houses were increasingly affluent. In this paper, I link the succession to a new cohort of houses to household cohort succession and examine the increasing affluence of new house buyers by age and cohort, focusing especially on the entry of the Baby Boom generation exactly when the new cohort of houses arrived. I use US Census microdata for 1960–2000 to develop a cohort longitudinal dataset, and analyze historical change in stratification in new house ownership. I find significant shifts between cohorts in income inequality among new house buyers, with implications for the capacity of the housing regime to meet the future needs of an increasingly diverse population.

现代教育技术环境下的“两课”教学模式

现代信息技术的飞速发展推动着现代教育技术的进步日新月异,改变着教学的方法、手段、模式、内容乃至转变着人们的教育思想、教育观念.因此,马克思主义理论课与思想品德课(以下简称"两课")教学面临重大变革,本文将讨论基于现代教育技术环境下的"两课"教学模式.     

Early language socialization and language shift: Kazakh as Baby Talk

This paper draws attention to the key role of a caregiver's bilingual language practices in the process of language shift. It argues that certain multilingual practices actually discourage children's multilingualism and devalue the language at the same time as they provide preverbal children with direct input. The analysis is based on data collected in Russophone urban families of ethnic Kazakhs. Drawing from work on registers and footing, the paper demonstrates that in these families the Kazakh language, while quantitatively prevailing in caregiver's speech, systematically co‐occurs with Baby Talk – a specific register directed to infants and toddlers in their preverbal stage. The metapragmatic typification of talking Kazakh to non‐agentive objects‐of‐minding, and talking Russian to autonomous social agents, suggests that language practices envision expert members of the local community as Russian speaking. This ideology sustains the ongoing language shift to Russian despite families’ aspiration to raise Kazakh‐Russian bilingual children.     

西方就业与失业问题的理论政策及其借鉴

本文分析了西方就业与失业理论政策的产生与发展。在这些理论与政策的指导下 ,从 2 0世纪30年代开始 ,西方各国政府把促进就业作为经济和社会政策的主要目标 ,并根据经济发展中失业的特点 ,运用多种政策手段 ,有针对性地对付各种类型的失业 ,以降低失业率 ,实现充分就业。我国在二元经济结构转换和经济体制改革过程中 ,出现了严峻的就业压力。应借鉴各国经验 ,根据我国国情 ,制定积极的就业政策 ,促进就业。     

论“两课”教学的规范性和与时俱进性

“两课”教学大纲是国家对“两课教材与教学的基本要求 ,是两课教学的基本规范。教学大纲意识与教学质量成正比 ,高质量地实施“两课”设置新方案 ,应该从提高教学大纲意识入手。教学大纲意识主要包括思想政治性意识和权威规范性意识。     

析托妮·莫里森小说《柏油孩子》的黑人女权主义话语

从女权主义话语的视角对莫里森的小说《柏油孩子》进行关照,诠释小说中体现女权主义话语的"黑色"声音、黑人女性文化身份的认同与颠覆以及消解、重构黑人女权主义话语的路径——喻指。小说以人名、物名、地名喻指白人文化主导下黑人女性的生存境遇,折射出黑人妇女在追求自我解放的过程中从"迷失自我"到"彰显自我"的成长之路,形成了独具特色的女权主义话语叙述风格。     

托妮·莫里森《柏油孩子》中家的建构

托妮·莫里森在小说《柏油孩子》中,通过迁徙叙事展开她对家的期望。她曾经声称"种族和家是她作品首要关注的主题",通过一个个运动的迁徙意象,莫里森勾勒出黑人在现代社会里家的失落与寻找的艰辛。     

“新边塞诗”的历史经验

＂边塞新诗＂、＂新边塞诗＂和＂西部诗歌＂相互混淆,泛化且淡化了重点和特征,使得读者和作者都难以认知把握＂新边塞诗＂;宏观视角、＂大我胸襟＂的主流性或意识形态性,也使得＂新边塞诗＂的景观和情思呈现出明显的单一性,制约着后来诗人的跟进和发挥;＂新边塞诗＂的书写内涵和书写方式,又与后起的诗歌潮流相悖,最终也就后继无人。这是＂新边塞诗＂淡出诗坛的根源,也是应该记取的历史经验。