Optimum chemical balance weighing designs for estimating the total weight

This deals with chemical balance weighing designs which attain a lower bound for the variance of the estimated total weight, The results extend those of Chacko Dey (1978).     

阿拉伯国家转型及其走势

埃及军方推翻穆兄会政权,局势仍难以稳定;叙利亚化武危机化解,但政治解决步履艰难;巴、以重启和谈,取得突破仍困难重重;美、伊关系松动,伊核谈判取得阶段性成果;美国在中东地区的主导能力下降;阿拉伯国家转型之路漫长而艰难;伊斯兰势力崛起受挫。     

Do Interactions Between Environmental Chemicals and the Human Microbiome Need to Be Considered in Risk Assessments?

One of the most dynamic and fruitful areas of current health‐related research concerns the various roles of the human microbiome in disease. Evidence is accumulating that interactions between substances in the environment and the microbiome can affect risks of disease, in both beneficial and adverse ways. Although most of the research has concerned the roles of diet and certain pharmaceutical agents, there is increasing interest in the possible roles of environmental chemicals. Chemical risk assessment has, to date, not included consideration of the influence of the microbiome. We suggest that failure to consider the possible roles of the microbiome could lead to significant error in risk assessment results. Our purpose in this commentary is to summarize some of the evidence supporting our hypothesis and to urge the risk assessment community to begin considering and influencing how results from microbiome‐related research could be incorporated into chemical risk assessments. An additional emphasis in our commentary concerns the distinct possibility that research on chemical–microbiome interactions will also reduce some of the significant uncertainties that accompany current risk assessments. Of particular interest is evidence suggesting that the microbiome has an influence on variability in disease risk across populations and (of particular interest to chemical risk) in animal and human responses to chemical exposure. The possible explanatory power of the microbiome regarding sources of variability could reduce what might be the most significant source of uncertainty in chemical risk assessment.     

浅谈可逆反应的化学平衡

化学平衡是研究可逆反应的一个重要内容。本文从可逆反应与不可逆反应、化学平衡、化学平衡常数等方面对其进行了初步探讨。     

Improving Weight of Evidence Approaches to Chemical Evaluations

Federal and other regulatory agencies often use or claim to use a weight of evidence (WoE) approach in chemical evaluation. Their approaches to the use of WoE, however, differ significantly, rely heavily on subjective professional judgment, and merit improvement. We review uses of WoE approaches in key articles in the peer‐reviewed scientific literature, and find significant variations. We find that a hypothesis‐based WoE approach, developed by Lorenz Rhomberg et al., can provide a stronger scientific basis for chemical assessment while improving transparency and preserving the appropriate scope of professional judgment. Their approach, while still evolving, relies on the explicit specification of the hypothesized basis for using the information at hand to infer the ability of an agent to cause human health impacts or, more broadly, affect other endpoints of concern. We describe and endorse such a hypothesis‐based WoE approach to chemical evaluation.     

Evaluating the Efficacy of a Mental Models Approach for Improving Occupational Chemical Risk Protection

Chemical risk protection in the workplace relies partly on informing workers about possible risks using material safety data sheets (MSDS). This article reports on phase 2 of a project (phase 1 reported in Cox et al.), which employed a mental models approach to improve on data sheets as communicative interventions for perchloroethylene in dry cleaning and rosin-based solder flux in the electronics industry within small businesses in the United Kingdom (small enterprises (SEs) < 25 employees in the workplace). It focuses on the efficacy of a multimethod evaluation strategy to assess (1) the capacity of a mental models approach to yield contextually relevant data for intervention design and (2) the effectiveness of the strategy itself in validating the mental models data. The evaluation was conducted using postal questionnaires and semi-structured verbal protocols to provide responses to the alternative intervention content and to prioritize risk messages. User discussion groups were then employed, particularly as a means of establishing whether contextual information could be obtained that would differ qualitatively from the kind elicited through individual (semi) structured methods. We conclude that the mental models approach as part of an iterative process including systematic multimethod evaluation is successful in supporting the design of relevant communications to the users of chemicals. The overall viability of communicative interventions in the context of health and safety in small businesses remains in question. Future research might aim to develop a more holistic approach to interventions in complex occupational contexts.     

近二十年中国化工翻译研究——以知网收录重点期刊文献为例

选取中国近二十年的化工翻译期刊文献为研究样本,以Excel为统计工具统计了中国化工翻译研究文献的数量,归纳整理了化工翻译的研究角度;然后以知网收录核心期刊文献为分析样本,从理论指导、运用、翻译策略、技巧和方法等角度对其进行对比与分析,归纳总结出当前化工翻译所存在的不足。     

Runaway Reactions, Their Courses, and the Methods to Establish Safe Process Conditions

The purpose of this paper is to describe the various process deviations which can cause a runaway reaction to occur, and to discuss the experimental information necessary for risk assessment, the choice of a safe process, and the mitigation of the consequences of the runaway reaction. Ten typical hazardous process situations have been identified, considering various modes of initiation, homogeneous and heterogeneous, Arrhenius, and autocatalytic reactions. Each possible hazardous process deviation is illustrated by examples from the process industry and/or relevant experimental information obtained from laboratory experiments.     

化学工程与工艺专业实验的改革与实践

化学工程与工艺专业实验的改革,在实验体系构建中,既应考虑学院的办学特色,兼顾专业基础课相关的基础实验;还应在实验内容的选择上,合理配置验证型实验、综合型实验和设计型实验,并体现实验内容的典型性、先进性和完整性。     

化工原理实验教学软件开发研究

使用“MicrosoftOfficeFrontPage”、“东方网页王”、“Java”、“主页秀3”等软件开发的《化工原理实验教学软件》每个教学单元包括文字、图片和影视三个部分,并都配有语音。该软件使用方便,内容丰富,并可以通过网络进行访问,几乎不受时空限制,极大地方便了化工原理实验课程的教与学。