明代宫廷书画收藏考略

明代宫廷的书画收藏十分丰富,嘉靖以后虽多有散出,但仍具有一定规模,直至明清鼎革之际宫廷所藏书画才散佚殆尽。明代宫廷所藏书画主要包括接收前代遗存、查抄籍没书画以及帝后臣工新创作书画几个部分。宫廷所藏书画主要由宦官机构司礼监负责保管,存放于质慎库中;另有部分历代帝王、君臣画像由印绶监保管,存放于古今通集库中。明代中叶以后,宫廷收藏书画通过充抵官员俸禄、偷窃等方式大量流散出宫,但同时也存在一定的补充和回流。明清易代之际,宫中所藏书画散佚殆尽,这为明末清初私人收藏家群体的崛起提供了机遇。     

Pragmatic professionalism: micro-level discourse in social work

In recent years the welfare sector has encountered numerous and often challenging changes, such as marketisation, New Public Management, and demands for evidence-based practices. These changes can be seen as a shift between the two logics of creating and maintaining authority, and as a movement from occupational towards organizational professionalism. Perhaps the most important difference between these logics is that, in occupational professionalism, authority is built on trust in the professionals’ education and ethics, whilst in organizational professionalism it is grounded in regulation and control expressed, for example, in rules, regulations, and routines. The article focuses on the ways in which two groups of social workers in Swedish social welfare offices orient themselves towards organizational and occupational professionalism in constructing themselves and in the construction of each other, as well as the work that is carried out by each group. The aim is thus to elaborate on what these logics mean at the micro-level. In this respect, pertinent questions such as ‘How are they to be understood?’, ‘Regarded from the point of view of micro politics, what do these logics mean?’ and ‘How are the logics internalized by the social workers?’ are posed.     

Business reform outcomes: Why so different?

Post-crisis policy making increasingly focuses on doing business reforms. We argue that the effects of those reforms will be different across countries. To understand the reasons for the reform outcome divergence, we advance a novel firm-size distribution (FSDs) argument. At the center of the argument is the fact that FSDs are different across countries and stable over time. Then, if a given doing business reform induces firms of different size to grow differently, this will produce a variety of reform outcomes across countries. To advance the argument, we set up a tractable general equilibrium (GE) model and study how firms of different size grow after a doing business reform. The model predicts that larger firms will grow faster than smaller firms after the reform. The model predictions are tested on the Enterprise Surveys (ES) data, merged with the Doing Business indicators. We confirm that firms of different size grow differently after a Doing Business reform. Thus, based on the notable differences of firm size distributions across countries, identical reforms to start, operate and close a business will produce a variety of reform outcomes across countries.     

论湖北咨议局从主张立宪到参与武昌首义的转变

湖北咨议局是试图推行资产阶级君主立宪政体下的一个省级地方议会的预备机构,却在资产阶级宪政请愿运动中一再受挫,由绝望毅然转向革命,在武昌首义中推波助澜.湖北咨议局立场的转变对于武昌首义成果的巩固与扩大乃至对于辛亥革命在全国的深入发展起到了非常重要的组织和促进作用.     

抗战时期四联总处与战时盐业运输简

“七七事变”后,沿海各产盐区先后沦于敌手,大批存盐滞留盐场。为避免存盐资敌,满足战时军需民食对食盐的需求,国民政府根据当时“商疲力竭”的盐业运输实际现状,及时调整盐务运输政策,实行官商并运。抗战初期成立的国民政府最高经济与金融机构四联总处,根据战时盐业运输政策调整的实际需要,大力实施战时盐务贷款政策,利用国家各大银行的金融力量大力开展贴现与放款业务,尽力向国家所属盐运机关、盐商提供贷款。从资金方面确保战时盐业运输的顺利进行,为将沿海大批食盐抢运到内地创造了条件。伴随着战时盐业“官运”规模的扩大,四联总处提高对战时盐业运输的认识,将盐务贷款上升到关系抗战胜利的高度,对于国家所属盐务机关及各地盐运商的盐业运输贷款需求,尽量给予协助办理。历史证明,四联总处所实施的战时盐务贷款,在促进战时盐业运输,满足大后方军民食盐需求等方面起了重要作用,有助于战时食盐的抢运与运销。从而支持了抗战的胜利。     

发挥管理中枢作用积极推进教学改革

教务处是学校教学管理的管理中枢。教学管理兼有行政管理和学术管理双重功能 ;更新教育思想、转变教育观念 ,抓好教学基本建设 ,深化教学改革 ,是提高教学质量的基础 ;加强教学管理科学化、规范化、现代化建设 ,是提高日常教学管理质量和效率的基础 ;强化质量意识 ,加强素质教育 ,是今后教学管理的根本出发点 ,也是时代发展的要求     

唐太乐令丞的任职条件和职责新论

在全面考察唐代太乐令、太乐丞的任职情况的基础上,本文提出,唐太乐令和太乐丞均必须由精通音乐者充任.岸边成雄以为任太乐令不必通晓音律之说与史实不合.太乐令的职责是亲自参与朝廷的各种音乐活动,并负有管理乐籍、管理校定乐器、整理歌词之责.     

Women Rule: Gendered Leadership and State Supreme Court Chief Justice Selection

ABSTRACT

While women are underrepresented in many political institutions and leadership positions, nearly half of state supreme court chief justices are women. Is there something about the role of state supreme court justice that facilitates the recruitment of women to this important political position? We examine whether the selection of a woman chief is driven by the court’s institutional need for women’s leadership style or simply the supply of qualified justices. We find that ideological diversity drives demand for a woman chief. A supply of experienced women justices also has a significant impact on likelihood of selection.     

Caring is not enough: the importance of Internet skills for online privacy protection

This article explains Internet users’ self-help activities in protecting their privacy online using structural equation modeling. Based on a representative survey of Swiss Internet users, it reveals past experiences with privacy breaches as a strong predictor of current protective behavior. Further, in line with the ‘privacy paradox’ argument, caring about privacy (privacy attitudes) alone does not necessarily result in substantial self-protection. Most strikingly, however, general Internet skills are key in explaining users’ privacy behavior. These skills enable users to reduce risks of privacy loss while obtaining the benefits from online activities that increasingly depend on the revelation of personal data. Consequently, Internet skills are an essential starting point for public policies regarding users’ self-help in privacy protection.