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1.
Stephen J. Ruberg Frank E. Harrell Jr. Margaret Gamalo-Siebers Lisa LaVange J. Jack Lee Karen Price 《The American statistician》2019,73(1):319-327
ABSTRACTThe cost and time of pharmaceutical drug development continue to grow at rates that many say are unsustainable. These trends have enormous impact on what treatments get to patients, when they get them and how they are used. The statistical framework for supporting decisions in regulated clinical development of new medicines has followed a traditional path of frequentist methodology. Trials using hypothesis tests of “no treatment effect” are done routinely, and the p-value < 0.05 is often the determinant of what constitutes a “successful” trial. Many drugs fail in clinical development, adding to the cost of new medicines, and some evidence points blame at the deficiencies of the frequentist paradigm. An unknown number effective medicines may have been abandoned because trials were declared “unsuccessful” due to a p-value exceeding 0.05. Recently, the Bayesian paradigm has shown utility in the clinical drug development process for its probability-based inference. We argue for a Bayesian approach that employs data from other trials as a “prior” for Phase 3 trials so that synthesized evidence across trials can be utilized to compute probability statements that are valuable for understanding the magnitude of treatment effect. Such a Bayesian paradigm provides a promising framework for improving statistical inference and regulatory decision making. 相似文献
2.
John D. Emerson David C. Hoaglin Frederick Mosteller 《Statistical Methods and Applications》1993,2(3):269-290
Summary Meta-analyses of sets of clinical trials often combine risk differences from several 2×2 tables according to a random-effects
model. The DerSimonian-Laird random-effects procedure, widely used for estimating the populaton mean risk difference, weights
the risk difference from each primary study inversely proportional to an estimate of its variance (the sum of the between-study
variance and the conditional within-study variance). Because those weights are not independent of the risk differences, however,
the procedure sometimes exhibits bias and unnatural behavior. The present paper proposes a modified weighting scheme that
uses the unconditional within-study variance to avoid this source of bias. The modified procedure has variance closer to that
available from weighting by ideal weights when such weights are known. We studied the modified procedure in extensive simulation
experiments using situations whose parameters resemble those of actual studies in medical research. For comparison we also
included two unbiased procedures, the unweighted mean and a sample-size-weighted mean; their relative variability depends
on the extent of heterogeneity among the primary studies. An example illustrates the application of the procedures to actual
data and the differences among the results.
This research was supported by Grant HS 05936 from the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research to Harvard University. 相似文献
3.
Chandan Saha Michael P. Jones 《Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B, Statistical methodology》2005,67(1):167-182
Summary. In longitudinal studies, missingness of data is often an unavoidable problem. Estimators from the linear mixed effects model assume that missing data are missing at random. However, estimators are biased when this assumption is not met. In the paper, theoretical results for the asymptotic bias are established under non-ignorable drop-out, drop-in and other missing data patterns. The asymptotic bias is large when the drop-out subjects have only one or no observation, especially for slope-related parameters of the linear mixed effects model. In the drop-in case, intercept-related parameter estimators show substantial asymptotic bias when subjects enter late in the study. Eight other missing data patterns are considered and these produce asymptotic biases of a variety of magnitudes. 相似文献
4.
Susanne Bennett Ph.D. 《Clinical Social Work Journal》2006,34(2):215-226
Clinical implications and ethical dilemmas of the use of confidential case material in clinical writing are examined, including
a review of the discourse among professionals who publish clinical work. This literature is applied to a clinical illustration
of psychotherapy with a client who gave consent for publication and read the clinical write-up of her case material. It is
suggested that clinical writing may increase client “self-reflection” if there is a “secure base” of attachment between therapist/author
and the client. The impact on the client’s treatment process is examined, in addition to a discussion of ethical questions
and professional recommendations.
2Dr. Susanne Bennett is an Assistant Professor, National School of Social Service of the Catholic University of America. Dr.
Bennett is also a psychotherapist in private practice in Falls Church, VA. 相似文献
5.
Vladimir V. Anisimov 《统计学通讯:模拟与计算》2016,45(5):1477-1488
An analytic methodology for patient enrollment modeling using a Poisson-gamma model is developed by Anisimov & Fedorov (2005–2007). For modeling hierarchic processes associated with enrollment, a new methodology using evolving stochastic processes is proposed. This provides rather general and unified framework to describe various operational processes associated with enrollment. The technique for calculating predictive distributions, mean, and credibility bounds for evolving processes is developed. Some applications to modeling operational characteristics in clinical trials are considered with focus to modeling events associated with incoming and follow-up patients in different settings. For these models, predictive characteristics are derived in a closed form. 相似文献
6.
《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2020,33(6):e558-e566
AimThe aim of this study was to explore the experiences of shared learning between Australian and Balinese midwifery students during a two-week clinical placement in Bali Indonesia.BackgroundCultural safety in midwifery is a key concept that is underpinned by the provision of holistic quality midwifery care to all women. Therefore, culturally safe midwifery care identifies, protects and promotes women’s individual cultures and is a key concept that is fostered in midwifery education. To educate culturally safe midwives, international placements to resource limited countries have become more common within midwifery education programs.MethodsThis study used a qualitative research design with a convenience sampling design. The participants were enrolled in midwifery courses in a University in the Northern Territory of Australia (n = 9), a Balinese private midwifery school (n = 4) and a Balinese public midwifery school (n = 4). Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.FindingsThe findings were categorised into major themes under the headings of “Learning together despite differences”; “Cultural differences”, “Communication, Resources”, and “Recommendations for future placements”.ConclusionThis study provides a valuable insight into how shared learning increases students’ midwifery knowledge and is fundamental in understanding cultural differences that could be applied to students’ clinical midwifery practice. 相似文献
7.
Nancy Downs Tracy Alderman Savita Bhakta Tiffany A. Greenwood 《Journal of American college health : J of ACH》2019,67(1):27-31
Objective: To evaluate the demographics and clinical utilization patterns among college students during the initial 12 months of a novel, multi-disciplinary, collaborative, college mental health program (CMHP). Participants: Undergraduate and graduate students receiving treatment at the CMHP from Jan-Dec 2015. Methods: De-identified data was obtained via electronic health records for all students receiving care through the CMHP. Results: 1.2 FTE clinical providers treated 278 undergraduate and graduate students during the year (65.1% < age 26, 53.6% female, 49.6% caucasian). There were 1822 CMHP outpatient visits, 318 other medical visits and 103 total emergency room (ER)/inpatient visits. Ten students were identified as high utilizers of ER/inpatient services, while charges to the CMHP totaled $470,157 and total charges to the Health System were $2,378,315. Conclusions: Students with complex psychiatric/medical co-morbidities received cost effective, convenient and integrative treatment. Over time, we hope to intervene earlier and decrease ER/inpatient visits. 相似文献
8.
法学教育改革的有益尝试——借鉴诊所式法律教育模式 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
曲相霏 《山东大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2001,(6):112-115
诊所式法律教育具有训练法律职业技能和培养法律职业伦理的两大价值。诊所式法律教育的主要特点为知识积累与思维训练并重;学生参与真实法律问题的解决过程,从经验中学习法律。目前诊所式法律教育在中国已开始试验,是中国法学教育改革的最有益的尝试。 相似文献
9.
Doubly adaptive biased coin design (DBCD) is an important family of response-adaptive randomization procedures for clinical trials. It uses sequentially updated estimation to skew the allocation probability to favor the treatment that has performed better thus far. An important assumption for the DBCD is the homogeneity assumption for the patient responses. However, this assumption may be violated in many sequential experiments. Here we prove the robustness of the DBCD against certain time trends in patient responses. Strong consistency and asymptotic normality of the design are obtained under some widely satisfied conditions. Also, we propose a general weighted likelihood method to reduce the bias caused by the heterogeneity in the inference after a trial. Some numerical studies are also presented to illustrate the finite sample properties of DBCD. 相似文献
10.
David G. Phillips 《Clinical Social Work Journal》2009,37(1):1-6
As clinical social work developed in America it was highly influenced by the concepts and techniques of psychoanalysis and
many of its practitioners became interested in seeking psychoanalytic training. More and more psychoanalysts are now coming
from a background in clinical social work due to the development of a network of interdisciplinary training institutes and
the opening of the Institutes of the American Psychoanalytic Association to non-medical candidates. This special issue considers
how psychoanalysis may be affected as more of its practitioners and contributors come from a background in clinical social
work. This introduction reviews the history of the development of clinical social work and outlines the issues related to
“lay analysis” in this country.
相似文献
David G. PhillipsEmail: |