试论语用原则在听力教学中的应用

听力课教学是整个英语语言教学中不容忽视的重要环节。本文对在听力教学过程中语用原则的应用作了初步探讨,以求解决一些外语教学中长期存在的问题。全文以合作原则在听力教学中对会话含义的推导作用为中心,提示了人们在会话中都不同程度地遵守语用原则,因而掌握好语用原则有助于听力教学水平的提高。     

语用学对修辞研究的启示

语用学和修辞学是相互有密切联系但又相互不同的两个学科,各有自己的研究对象。在许多方面语用学得益于修辞学的进步,反过来,语用学的发展,特别是语用学理论的一些新发展,对丰富修辞学理论和实践又有一定的意义,有助于修辞研究取得更丰硕的成果。本文从介绍语用学开始,看看这门学科是否会对修辞学理论的丰富和发展起一点启示的作用。     

试论言语交际中语用级别性的把握

本文在对语用级别性存在于言语交际中的原因以及其对言 语交际产生的利弊进行分析的基础上,着重通过礼貌原则内部的级别性 和语用原则间的级别性两个方面探讨了在言语交际中把握语用级别性的 关键：以得体为要领,结合交际对象、内容、目的及背景适量、适中、适宜、 适用并适可而止地运用语用级别性来形成自己的交际技巧和谈吐风格。     

“Either Side of Delphy Bridge”: A deep mapping project evoking and engaging the lives of older adults in rural North Cornwall

This article reports on work to date by an arts practice-led research team exploring older adults’ conceptions of, and connectivity with, the physical, social and cultural landscapes in which they locate themselves. The team is based at the Department of Art and Design, University of the West of England (UWE) and has conducted fieldwork, interviews and small-scale interactions in an area of rural North Cornwall with a view to “deep mapping” older adults’ “lived landscapes” using a variety of practical methods derived from creative arts practices, critical reflection on deep mapping, ethnographic approaches, and referencing a range of theoretical positions. The project forms part of a work package within “Grey and Pleasant Land? An interdisciplinary exploration of the connectivity of older people in rural civic society” (abbreviated below as GaPL), funded by the UK Cross-Research Council ‘New Dynamics of Ageing’ Programme. In what follows we will describe and critically discuss the fieldwork undertaken and the various ways in which the performative interactions and the creative multimedia evocations that draw on the team’s interactions with older people might extend the growing dialogue between deep mapping, visual and other innovative ethnographies, and critical gerontology.     

The Conversational Model and Child and Family Counselling: Treating Chronic Complex Trauma in a Systemic Framework

Child and Family Counselling Teams in NSW Community Health Services are expected to provide therapeutic services to children who have experienced complex trauma. However, parental trauma is often overlooked or referred elsewhere. A systemic perspective informed by attachment theory and trauma theory provides the basis for addressing parental trauma in Child and Family Counselling Teams, thereby improving parenting. The Conversational Model is an evidence‐based intervention for chronic complex trauma. The foundations of the Conversational Model and its brief component, Short Term Intensive Psychodynamic Psychotherapy, are outlined and a case study is given to illustrate the usefulness of the intervention in Child and Family Counselling. Highlighted is the importance of addressing systemic trauma through parenting to improve attachment quality, family relationships, and children's function.     

会话幽默的心理机制和认知基础

本文首先分析了会话幽默中降格和升格两种心理预设机制 ,进而从语言变异的角度举例说明了其最为常见的语言表现形式 ,最后从范畴化和概念化的角度分析了会话幽默的认知基础     

从违反合作原则看会话含义

格赖斯的会话合作学说总结了交际双方为顺利获得准确的会话含义而必须遵循的合作原则的四大准则。但在许多情况下 ,说话人出于某种原因或某种目的而违反合作原则。此时 ,听话人必须从字里行间捕捉说话人的真意 ,并推导出说话人意欲表达的隐含意义。文章从说话人、听话人双方的角度 ,剖析了在言语交际中如何使用合作原则的各条准则来推导和运用会话含义 ,指出会话合作学说对正确使用和理解语言十分重要。     

Grice语用学模式批判

在话语理解中 ,通过解码获得语义 ,通过推理得出说话人意图。在语用学的发展过程中 ,话语理解的重心逐渐转移到推理过程 ,Grice的推理模式就是这种发展的代表 ,认为交际中人们遵守着合作原则以及相关准则 ,违背某些准则是为了表达暗含意义 ,需要推理求得理解。然而 ,Grice过分强调暗含意义 ,而且合作原则及有关准则来源不清 ,严重地削弱了Grice推理模式的解释力。     

论隐喻含意策略在外显意义规避中的作用

人们在日常交际中的话语内隐意义是通过话语表达的字面意义实现的,也就是说话语表达的实际意义总是大于字面意义。隐喻对话语的外显意义的规避有规约性的作用,即常规的会话含意是由话语中特定词语的意义所决定的;而非常规会话含意则产生于具体的会话场合,其推导离不开人们对当时语境特征的把握。因此,人们在理解含意时可以利用隐含意义传递的常规手段,而非常规会话含意则涉及外显意义的隐喻策略性回避。     

电话交谈中的他人发起修正现象探析

以会话分析的方法,对日常电话交谈中出现频率较高的他人发起修正现象进行了分析研究,总结了电话交谈中他人发起修正的原因、序列结构、发起策略及修正的途径。认为尽管电话交谈语料繁复、随意,但还是有规律可循的,只要参与交际的双方能把握其特点和规律,就能有效避免交际中问题源的产生,或一旦出现需修正的问题源就能及时予以修正,以保障交际的顺畅进行。