戴维森意义理论的主要思想导源

戴维森意义理论具有明显的思想继承性,主要表现在:弗雷格的真值条件论是其基本立足点,塔尔斯基真之语义论的约定-T模式充当其形式表征基础,蒯因的彻底翻译理论成为其经验解释的理论基础。正是由于戴维森善于借鉴这些影响深远的思想成果,使其意义理论呈现出一种解释性的真理论而潜在地具有非凡的理论优势和影响力。     

Decision-making for paired comparison using the extended amended Davidson model

For decision purpose, one of the commonly used statistical applications is the comparison of two or more objects or characteristics. Sometimes, it is not possible to compare the objects at a time or when the number of objects under study is large and the differences between the objects become small, then a useful way is to compare them in pairwise manner. Because of its practical nature, the fields in which paired comparison techniques are being used are numerous. Many Bayesian statisticians have focused their attention on the practical and usable paired comparison technique and have successfully performed the Bayesian study of many of the paired comparison models. In the current study, analysis of the amended Davidson model (ADM) which has been extended after incorporating the order effect parameter is narrated. For this intention, both the informative and non informative priors are used. The said model is studied for the case of four treatments which are compared pairwise.     

论戴维森真之理论对自然语言意义的阐释

戴维森在塔斯基的对形式语言的真之定义基础之上引入了语言使用者,对自然语言的意义进行了阐释。尽管遭到批判,其合理性是不容置疑的。本文介绍了弗雷格和塔斯基的真之理论,着重对戴维森的真之理论的发展进行了剖析。     

以真通达意义——戴维森意义理论的思想主线

“以真通达意义”是戴维森意义理论的思想主线。约定-T和彻底的解释是其形式袁征模式和经验解释模式,绝对的真理论是其可靠的理论基础,它们分别表明了“以真通达意义”这条研究道路的必要性、有效性和理论合法性。     

步达生与近代中国的科学事业

步达生是加拿大解剖学家与人类学家。1919年来到中国,他与安特生等合作,调查、收集与研究了沙锅屯、仰韶等地的人骨材料。1926年周口店人类牙齿化石的发现使他与周口店结下不解之缘,从此他组织领导了周口店的发掘研究工作,正式命名"北京人",参与相关课题的研究。他的学术活动奠定了中国古人类学的基础,促成了中国考古学的形成与发展。步达生知识广博、善于合作,为科学勇于献身,并为中国培养了一批古人类学和旧石器考古人才。     

戴维森意义理论对当代哲学的主要贡献和影响

戴维森意义理论的问世,标志着真值条件理论这一新语义论的诞生,开辟了一条旨在探索意义理论经验验证的新途径———彻底的解释,从而丰富了当代语义学的理论宝库;戴维森和达米特引领的实在论与反实在论之争,显示了意义理论发展的一条主线,推动了相关领域的研究进展;戴维森意义理论的逻辑实用主义研究风格,以其自身的优势已显示并将继续显示强大的生命力和远大的发展空间;戴维森意义理论与一些重要的大陆哲学家的相关思想具有明显的融通性,由此成为联结分析哲学和大陆哲学的一个重要节点,显示其广泛的国际影响力。可以说,正是由于这些突出的贡献和深远的影响,使得戴维森意义理论堪称当代语义学一项巨大的革命性思想成果,戴维森本人在某种程度上堪称继蒯因之后最重要的哲学家。     

Bayesian analysis of the amended Davidson model for paired comparison using noninformative and informative priors

In recent years, numerous statisticians have focused their attention on the Bayesian analysis of different paired comparison models. While studying paired comparison techniques, the Davidson model is considered to be one of the famous paired comparison models in the available literature. In this article, we have introduced an amendment in the Davidson model which has been commenced to accommodate the option of not distinguishing the effects of two treatments when they are compared pairwise. Having made this amendment, the Bayesian analysis of the Amended Davidson model is performed using the noninformative (uniform and Jeffreys’) and informative (Dirichlet–gamma–gamma) priors. To study the model and to perform the Bayesian analysis with the help of an example, we have obtained the joint and marginal posterior distributions of the parameters, their posterior estimates, graphical presentations of the marginal densities, preference and predictive probabilities and the posterior probabilities to compare the treatment parameters.     

Analysis of the amended Davidson model with order effect for paired comparison in the Bayesian paradigm

We commonly observe many types of paired nature of competitions in which the objects are compared by the respondents pairwise in a subjective manner. The Bayesian statistics, contrary to the classical statistics, presents a generic tool to incorporate new experimental evidence and update the existing information. These and other properties have ushered the statisticians to focus their attention on the Bayesian analysis of different paired comparison models. The present article focuses on the amended Davidson model for paired comparison in which an amendment has been introduced that accommodates the option of not distinguishing the effects of two treatments when they are compared pairwise. However, Bayesian analysis of the amended Davidson model is performed using the noninformative priors after making another small modification of incorporating the parameter of order effect factor. The joint and marginal posterior distributions of the parameters, their posterior estimates, predictive and posterior probabilities to compare the treatment parameters are obtained.     

Optimal designs for stated choice experiments that incorporate ties

In 1970 Davidson generalised the Bradley–Terry model to allow respondents to say that the two options presented in a choice task were equally attractive. In this paper we extend this idea to the MNL model with m options in each choice set and we show that the optimal designs for the MNL model are also optimal in this setting.     

达米特对于戴维森意义理论的批判

达米特与戴维森是当代重要的语言哲学家,在意义理论领域都提出了富有特色的理论,对当代语言哲学产生了重大的影响。达米特从构造意义理论的彻底性原则、显示性原则和分子论原则出发,批判了戴维森以真之理论表征的意义理论,论证了戴维森的意义理论本身并没有满足他本人所提出的适当的意义理论必须具备的基本条件。达米特关于戴维森意义理论的批判,触及到意义理论研究的核心问题,对于当代意义理论的研究具有基础的理论意义。