Relationships among nutrients,chloride and biological indices in urban Maryland streams

Using a spatially extensive urban database constructed from the Maryland Biological Stream Survey (MBSS), we describe the relationships of nutrients in small-order streams to eight defined categories of percent catchment urbanization, correlations between chloride and conductivity in urban streams, and relationships between nutrients and chloride with two Maryland-specific indices of biotic integrity for benthic macroinvertebrates and fish assemblages. Stream nutrients become elevated with increasing percent catchment urbanization, followed by increases in all four measured nitrogen species and total phosphorus at catchment urbanization levels greater than 10%. There was a strong collinear relationship (r ² = 0.90) between chloride and conductivity (trimeans) across all eight urbanization classes, where Cl (mg/L) = −0.397 + 0.188*conductivity (μS/cm). Critical values for all water quality parameters with the two Maryland biological indices were derived using quantile regression, with significant regressions developed for 11 of 16 water quality parameters and the two biotic indices. For nitrate (NO₃-N), the critical thresholds between fair and poor stream quality for the two Maryland biological indices were 0.83 mg/L (benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages) and 0.86 mg/L (fish assemblages). Increasing stream nutrient and chloride levels, associated with widespread catchment urbanization intensity, now affect many small streams in Maryland, with implications for decreasing water quality in major tributaries and the Chesapeake Bay.     

晶态和非晶态氧化铁薄膜电极电化学和光电化学特性的比较

本文比较了利用CVD技术生长的a—Fe_2O_3和α—Fe_2O_3薄膜电极的电化学和光电化学特性.实验表明:在1MKOH电解液中,α—Fe_2O_3薄膜电极具有较大的阳极电流,较稳定的光电位和较大的光电流.二者都显示出n型半导体特性.a—Fe_2O_3的导带边缘能级较高.光照时,光生载流子的效率更高,但却易于复合.     

稳定性二氧化氯合成、分析及消毒杀菌试验研究

提出了合成纯度较高的稳定性二氧化氯的方法,对影响合成反应的条件,包括温度,原料,稳定剂等进行了探讨,并确定了最佳稳定剂及其用量,对二氧化氯的含量进行了测定,对其消毒杀菌能力进行了试验。     

氯化铁催化合成羧酸苄酯

讨论了氯化铁水合物催化合成丙酸苄酯的条件 ,并合成了甲酸苄酯、乙酸苄酯、丙酸苄酸和丁酸苄酯。     

A Comparison of Regulatory Implications of Traditional and Exact Two-Stage Dose–Response Models

We compare the regulatory implications of applying the traditional (linearized) and exact two-stage dose–response models to animal carcinogenic data. We analyze dose–response data from six studies, representing five different substances, and we determine the goodness-of-fit of each model as well as the 95% confidence lower limit of the dose corresponding to a target excess risk of 10^–5 (the target risk dose TRD). For the two concave datasets, we find that the exact model gives a substantially better fit to the data than the traditional model, and that the exact model gives a TRD that is an order of magnitude lower than that given by the traditional model. In the other cases, the exact model gives a fit equivalent to or better than the traditional model. We also show that although the exact two-stage model may exhibit dose–response concavity at moderate dose levels, it is always linear or sublinear, and never supralinear, in the low-dose limit. Because regulatory concern is almost always confined to the low-dose region extrapolation, supralinear behavior seems not to be of regulatory concern in the exact two-stage model. Finally, we find that when performing this low-dose extrapolation in cases of dose–response concavity, extrapolating the model fit leads to a more conservative TRD than taking a linear extrapolation from 10% excess risk. We conclude with a set of recommendations.