Old and Cold: Older People and Policies Failing to Address Fuel Poverty

Research, funded by the British Gas Help the Aged Partnership and carried out by the Institute of Gerontology, King's College London, explored the multidimensional issues of fuel poverty. A sample of older homeowners and private renters living in England, Scotland and Wales were interviewed in the Spring of 2003 to explore their experiences of keeping their homes warm in the preceding winter. It was found that almost half of the sample for whom full information was available were in fuel poverty. Government schemes failed to address some important issues. Grants were only available to those with “passport benefits”, excluding those who had minimal occupational pensions. Although most respondents had central heating, it was often old and ineffective, yet grants were not available to modernize them. Government schemes did not extend to paying for external and internal insulation for solid wall properties yet many older people live in such property. Several older people lived in rural areas not connected to mains gas. As mains gas currently provides the cheapest fuel, they faced high bills, yet government policies do not address the differential fuel costs in these areas. The culture of many older people in the study contributed to their living in cold homes. They lived frugally and usually turned heating off in daylight hours during winter. It was also a common practice to sleep in an unheated bedroom during winter and to keep the window open at night. Such practices are acknowledged to be unhealthy.     

燃料油期货对我国上市煤炭期货的启示

我国煤炭行业占据着主要的能源市场,近几年来市场供需趋紧,价格波动较大,煤炭交易双方对规避风险的需求也越来越强烈。燃料油期货作为我国推出的首个能源期货,四年多来市场状况运行良好,给相关的交易各方带来很好的规避风险的作用。文章参考燃料油期货推出的各种经验,分析我国煤炭市场可推出的煤炭期货品种,认为可以推出炼焦煤期货作为我国首个煤炭期货产物。     

汽车化油器腔体内流动实验研究及变分有限元解

本文对具有双重喉管的双腔201 A3化油器腔体内流动进行了研究,首先用变分有限无法对腔内流动进行计算,给出了不同工况下阀门全开时化油器主油系的供油特性(包括沿程真空度分布曲线、化油器大喉管、小喉管边缘的真空度随进气流量的变化曲线)。然后对模型进行实验分析,与计算相比较,两者结果吻合较好。通过二元流与一元流计算的比较,揭示了有限元计算有助于化油器的节油和改善其气动性能。     

国际燃油税政策目标分析与评价

目前世界各国普遍征收燃油税,但是各国政府的税收目的却各有不同,因此导致了燃油税征收措施的不同。文章结合美国、欧盟、南非和日本等国的燃油税政策,总结和分析了世界各国的燃油税目标,并结合我国实际情况进行了目标评价,最后得出了对我国燃油税征税目标的几点启示。文章重点在于政策目标分析和评价,科学的政策目标将有利于设计出合理的燃油税方案,从而促进燃油税尽早实施。     

“Heating Is More Important Than Food”

Abstract

Fuel poverty is estimated to affect millions of people in the UK, and older people are especially vulnerable. Most research into fuel poverty has drawn upon quantitative paradigms. The aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate the perceptions and experiences of older women in relation to fuel issues. Ten qualitative semi-structured interviews were undertaken during the winter of 2005. The interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim. A phenomenological approach was used for analysis. Four main themes emerged: causes of fuel poverty; managing money; heating is a priority;and government initiatives. The results from this study show that fuel poverty is an important health and financial concern for older women.     

微生物燃料电池研究进展

微生物燃料电池,是微生物技术与电池技术相结合的产物,利用微生物整体为催化剂催化燃料转化为电能的装置。近年来,相继有多种微生物菌株被发现有电化学活性,大大拓展了微生物燃料电池的应用领域,如直接制造生物传感器、处理废水产电等。微生物燃料电池的研究与应用,对缓解当前的能源危机有重大意义,其发展潜力很大。文章简述了微生物燃料电池的工作原理和结构,综述了国内外最新的研究进展,分析了影响电池性能的各参数的关系,期望对微生物燃料电池的开发有所帮助。     

基于熵权的乏燃料公路运输选线模型

由于核电站的特殊性,乏燃料的运输在核电供应体系中占据重要地位.核电站乏燃料具有辐射性,运输过程中对工作人员、沿途公众和环境等可能会产生危害,又属于公路超限货包运输,所以对公路运输线路要求非常高.本文在利用层次分析法构造乏燃料公路运输线路优选系统的综合评价指标体系的基础上,结合熵权和模糊数学理论,构造基于熵权的乏燃料公路运输选线模糊层次分析模型,为确保核电供应链中乏燃料物流的安全、降低其对环境的影响提供决策依据,以达到安全、可靠和经济合理地完成核电站乏燃料运输的目的.     

燃油税税率的确定 ——基于CGE的分析

 燃油税一直备受各方的关注,而燃油税的税率是实施燃油税政策亟需解决的问题。目前,国内还没有人从定量角度分析燃油税税率。本文将采用引入政府部门的CGE模型,首次对燃油税税率进行定量分析,并利用枚举法寻找提高全社会福利水平的最优燃油税税率。同时分析了征收燃油税对均衡要素投入、居民和政府的消费水平的影响,验证了征收恰当的燃油税对社会福利是有利的。     

稳定工况化油器供油特性的计算研究

本文对目前常用的SH101型化油器的供油特性进行了研究,给出了理论计算的数学模型和计算公式。编制了Fortran-77计算程序。并对不同节气门后真空度下空燃比进行了理论计算。与实验相比,吻合良好。可供设计人员作为选择试验方案参考,从而可大大减少试验次数。     

美国燃料乙醇产量快速增长的原因及对 国际玉米市场的影响

2000年以来,随着能源需求不断增长和原油价格上涨,以及产业政策的大力扶持,美国燃料乙醇出现井喷式增长,目前产量约占全球燃料乙醇产量的一半以上.面对美国燃料乙醇产业的快速发展是政策驱动还是市场驱动的争论,文章通过比较分析认为补贴政策是美国燃料乙醇发展的核心驱动力,而原油和玉米价格则是直接驱动力.作为全球最大的玉米生产国和贸易国,美国燃料乙醇的快速发展已成为影响全球玉米供求平衡、推高玉米市场价格的重要因素.在这样的背景下,中国玉米进口量逐年增加,为此中国必须准确定位自己的玉米进口依存度,提高玉米生产能力,积极保障国内粮食安全.