The Special Historical Section of the Journal of American College Health

Abstract

Objective: To identify human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and HPV vaccine–related attitudes among college-aged women and the relationship between HPV vaccine uptake and subsequent sexual behaviors. Methods: PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Google Scholar searches were performed from 2006, the date after the first HPV vaccine became available, to present. Results: Of the 13 studies identified, most were cross-sectional. College-aged women saw HPV infection as serious and had positive attitudes toward the HPV vaccine. Barriers (ie, cost, lack of insurance coverage) existed that prevented women from obtaining the vaccine and many women did not see themselves at risk for HPV. The vaccine uptake rate, although increasing, has been slow. Conclusion: College-aged women in the United States may need unbiased information about HPV and HPV vaccine. Studies that focus on risk perception and the relationship between knowledge, attitudes, vaccine uptake, and sexual behaviors are needed to inform interventions and public health programs.     

脑室注射GABA对小鼠胃粘液屏障的影响及其机制探讨

本文报道小白鼠脑室注射GABA、GABA-T抑制剂AOAA、GABA_A受体阻断剂Bicuculline、GABA_B受体激动剂Baclofen以及皮下注射胆碱能M受体阻断剂阿托品和肌肉注射肾上腺素能α受体阻断剂酚妥拉明对胃粘液屏障的影响。实验结果表明,脑室注射GABA(1-3μmol)可减少胃壁粘液量,并呈现明显的量—效依赖关系。AOAA(0.2μmol)、Bicuculline(0.2μmol)和Baclofen(4μmol)都使胃壁粘液量显著减少(P<0.01)。皮下注射阿托品(0.2mg·kg~(-1))使胃壁粘液量显著下降,并可阻断GABA抑制胃壁粘液分泌的效应;相反,肌肉注射酚妥拉明(2.5mg·kg~(-1))使胃壁粘液量显著增加,但也能消除GABA的抑制效应。这说明中枢抑制性神经递质GABA与胃粘液屏障密切相关。可能交感输出与抑制胃壁粘液分泌有关。而迷走输出与促进胃壁粘液分泌有关。可能外源性GABA通过激活脑中GABA_B受体后,同时抑制迷走输出而增加交感输出,导致胃壁粘液分泌减少,胃粘液屏障减弱。     

脑室注射γ-氨基丁酸对四种不同诱因胃溃疡发生的影响

本文观察了侧脑室注射不同浓度GABA(2、4、6μmol)对四种不同胃溃疡诱因(无水乙醇灌胃、消炎痛肌肉注射、冷束缚应激和0.2N盐酸灌胃)的影响。结果表明:GABA对乙醇诱导型及消炎痛诱导型胃溃疡有显著的加剧效应,并呈现明显的剂量—效应依赖关系;低剂量的GABA(2μmol)对冷束缚应激型胃溃疡有促进作用,而高剂量的GABA(4、6μmol)有抑制作用;GABA对盐酸诱导型胃溃疡有显著量—效依赖的抑制效应。这些结果提示:中枢GABA能机制既可加强也可抑制胃溃疡的形成,其最终效应可能取决于不同诱因的致溃疡机制、GABA对胃的作用及中枢其它神经内分泌机制的复杂关系。     

药物对小鼠胃片GABA摄取的影响

本文应用同位素示踪技术和离体孵育小鼠胃片的方法,探讨了与调节胃功能活动的GABA相关的药物对胃片摄取GABA的影响。实验显示,GABA-T抑制剂AOAA在低剂量时(1～5mmol·L~(-1))可抑制胃片摄取GABA(P<0.01),而高剂量时(10mmol·L~(-1))能促进GABA摄取(P<0.05)。蝇(?)醇(Muscimol),是一种GABA_A受体激动剂,0.5μg·ml~(-1)时能促进胃片摄取GABA(P<0.01)。胆碱能神经M型受体阻断剂阿托品(0.01～0.25mg·ml~(-1))能抑制胃片摄取GABA(P<0.01)。盐酸(0.01～0.05N)和胃蛋白酶(0.05～1mg·ml~(-1))二者都能促进胃片摄取GABA(P<0.05或0.01)。这些结果提示:胃的GABA摄取系统可能有一种负反馈式自身调节机制。即当GABA调节胃功能活动增强时,它会加速GABA摄取,结果是尽快地终止GABA对胃的效应;相反当GABA调节胃功能活动减弱时,可抑制GABA摄取,结果是保持GABA对胃的作用,从而维持胃功能的稳态。     

Examination of tools associated with the evaluation of knowledge uptake and utilization: A scoping review

Knowledge transfer and exchange (KTE) has become an integral part of organizational practice. Evaluation of KTE, as well as knowledge products generated through this process, is important for understanding the effectiveness of KTE strategies. This scoping review aimed to identify tools and frameworks used to evaluate knowledge uptake and utilization (KUU).The search strategy included review of PubMed and Scopus databases, hand searching of relevant journals, and citation tracing. Over 6500 abstracts were screened; 292 full-text articles were shortlisted by two reviewers.Seventy-two articles described tools for evaluating KUU. A total of 23 tools could be generally applied to knowledge products/processes used in different sectors; 36 evaluation tools were designed for specific knowledge products (i.e., websites); 9 tools were discipline-specific (i.e., medical field), and four articles described evaluations of knowledge products/processes using alternative methods such as Google Analytics or qualitative methods. The majority of tools (n = 40, 56 %) focused on usability of a knowledge product or process.This scoping review identified various tools being used to assess the effectiveness and impact of KTE processes/products, however, the measures were as varied as the projects, and were often not designed to evaluate KTE in particular.     

γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)加剧小鼠消炎痛-胃溃疡发生机制的分析

本工作初步分析脑室注射GABA加剧小鼠消炎痛-胃溃疡的机制,结果如下:(1)脑室注射GABA可显著加剧小鼠消炎痛-胃溃疡的发生(p<0.01),而腹腔注射GABA(100μmol)对消炎痛-胃溃疡则无影响。 (2)脑室注射GABA_A受体阻断剂荷包牡丹碱能显著抑制消炎痛-胃溃疡(p<0.01)。脑室注射GABA_B受体激动剂β-氯苯基-γ-氨基丁酸则显著加剧消炎痛-胃溃疡(p<0.05)。荷包牧丹碱不能改变脑室注射GABA和β-氟苯基-γ-氖基丁酸加剧消炎痛-胃溃疡的效应。 (3)皮下注射胆碱能神经M受体阻断剂阿托品使消炎痛-胃溃疡明显加重(p<0.01),阿托品可部分阻断GABA对消炎痛-胃溃疡的加剧效应。 (4)肌肉注射肾上腺素能神经α受体阻断剂酚妥拉明不影响消炎痛-胃溃疡的发生,也不改变GABA对消炎痛-胃溃疡的加剧效应。 以上这些结果表明:外源性GABA可能通过中枢的特异性机制加剧消炎痛-胃溃疡。脑中GABA_A和GABA_B受体与消炎痛-胃溃疡的发生都有关,激活GABA_B受体可能是GABA加剧消炎痛-胃溃疡的重要机制。迷走神经在胃粘膜的保护机制中可能起一定的作用,它可能是GABA通过中枢加剧消炎痛-胃溃疡发生的途径之一。     

A General Model for Exposure and Uptake from Consumer Products

To assess exposure to and uptake of chemical compounds from consumer products, a general model framework is proposed. The model framework separates exposure into the components contact, potential exposure, and potential uptake rate, and establishes the relation between the three. It adds a contact function and a spatial component to other exposure modeling concepts. Before the model framework can be used, its components need to be specified. A simple diffusional model is built as an example of specifying functions for exposure and uptake. A case study of 1,1,1 trichloroethane in some shoe impregnating product, partly based on the diffusional uptake model, illustrates the inclusion of the contact component. In the latter example, the exposure is calculated for the user and then, by only modifying the contact component, for a nonuser randomly walking in the house.     

有氧训练在体育教学中的运用

通过对本科二年级学生武术选项课近一学年的教学改革实验 ,按照有氧训练的原则安排课的生理负荷量 ,使学生的氧运输系统的能力得到很大的提高 ,VO2 max、最大负荷、氧脉搏较实验前有明显提高 ;VO2 max与最大负荷及心电RV5电压高度相关 ,反映出有氧能力与人体运动和心肺系统的内在联系 ,达到了改善学生心肺功能 ,增强体质和促进身心健康的目的     

Fathers at work: explaining the gaps between entitlement to leave policies and uptake

ABSTRACT

Why are fathers in Scotland unlikely to use the full range of leave benefits available to them? Taking a capabilities approach allows us to explore the perspective that some fathers may experience an agency gap and thus not have the capabilities to utilise entitlements. This paper addresses the question empirically using a mixed-methods design which includes: analysis of data from the Growing up in Scotland study, 20 in-depth qualitative interviews with fathers of young children working in the public sector in dual-earner couples, as well as an audit of extra-statutory benefits offered to fathers by employers. We argue that the reliance on an extra-statutory leave system in the UK explains at least part of the gap between fathers’ entitlement to and uptake of statutory leave, as such benefits are not routinely available to all parents. The extra-statutory entitlement is more than just a ‘top-up’ to the statutory; it is rather a conversion factor for the take up of statutory entitlement, by fathers. Organisational cultural norms support many employed fathers in taking a couple of weeks leave post-birth, but longer leave duration for fathers is not yet a usual parenting practice in Scotland, particularly lower down the income distribution.     

Systemic Uptake and Clearance of Chloroform by Hairless Rats Following Dermal Exposure. I. Brief Exposure to Aqueous Solutions

The systemic uptake of chloroform from dilute aqueous solutions into live hairless rats under conditions simulating dermal environmental exposure was studied. Whole blood was sampled during a 30-min immersion of an animal within water containing a known concentration of chloroform and then for 5.5 h following its removal from the bath. The amount of chloroform systemically absorbed was determined by comparing the AUCs of the blood concentration vs. time plots from dermal exposure to that obtained after IV infusion (for a period of 30 min) of an aqueous solution containing a known amount of chloroform (positive control). Although dermal data implied two-compartment disposition characteristics, IV infusion data fit best to a three-compartment disposition. Linear pharmacokinetics was observed both by IV administration and percutaneous absorption at the dose levels studied. Chloroform was detected in the rat blood as early as 4 min following exposure. Our findings suggest that about 10.2 mg of chloroform was systemically absorbed after dermal exposure of a rat to an aqueous solution of 0.44 mg/ml. This amount is substantially higher than the predictions of mathematical risk-models put forth by some investigators. However, when expressed as the "effective" permeability coefficient ( K _p^eff), close agreement was noticed between our value and those estimated by others using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models. Also, in terms of K _p^eff, reasonable agreement existed between our and another investigator's past estimates of uptake based on depletion of bath level of chloroform and the actual uptake measured in our current experiments. The estimated onset of systemic entry seen here is entirely consistent with our estimate of how long it takes to establish the diffusion gradient across the stratum comeum based on tape stripping.