Gender differences in willingness to compete: The role of public observability

A recent literature emphasizes that gender differences in the labor market may in part be driven by a gender gap in willingness to compete. However, whereas experiments in this literature typically investigate willingness to compete in private environments, real world competitions often have a more public nature, which introduces potential social image concerns. If such image concerns are important, and men and women differ in the degree to which they want to be seen as competitive, making tournament entry decisions publicly observable may further exacerbate the gender gap. We test this prediction using a laboratory experiment (N = 784) that varies the degree to which the decision to compete, and its outcome, is publicly observable. We find that public observability does not alter the magnitude of the gender gap in willingness to compete in an economically or statistically significant way.     

Coalition for a Healthier Community: Lessons learned and implications for future work

The Coalition for a Healthier Community (CHC) initiative was implemented to improve the health and well-being of women and girls. Underpinning CHC is a gender-based focus that uses a network of community partners working collaboratively to generate relevant behavior change and improved health outcomes. Ten programs are trying to determine whether gender-focused system approaches are cost-effective ways to address health disparities in women and girls. Programs implemented through coalitions made up of academic institutions, public health departments, community-based organizations, and local, regional, and national organizations, are addressing health issues such as domestic violence, cardiovascular disease prevention, physical activity, and healthy eating. Although these programs are ongoing, they have made significant progress. Key factors contributing to their early success include a comprehensive needs assessment, robust coalitions, the diversity of populations targeted, programs based on findings of the needs assessments, evaluations taking into consideration the effect of gender, and strong academic–community partnerships. A noteworthy impact of these programs has been their ability to shape and impact public, social, and health policies at the state and local levels. However, there have been challenges associated with the implementation of such a complex program. Lessons learned are discussed in this paper.     

CAJ—CD规范存在的问题及对策

《中国学术期刊(光盘版)检索与评价数据规范》在参考文献著录方面存在着主要责任者缺位、文献分类含混、页码著录宽纵、转引缺项等问题。译作者和注疏校勘者同样应被视为主要责任者;文献分类方面,文献类型的界定应作出更详细的说明;页码著录,建议将文集、论文集、全集、选集、学位论文、报告几种参考文献的页码作为必选项;转引问题,建议分情况对待。     

词语累赘与信息羡余

信息羡余是语言运用中加强信息传递的手段。信息羡余有两种加强信息的方式 :音节扩充 ,解释性叠加。语病重复是语句结构上的累赘 ,是应该删除的多余成分。保留信息羡余成分是“求繁” ,是信息传递的足量原则在起作用 ;删除累赘是“求简” ,是语言表达的经济原则在起作用 ,如何把握繁简的度 ,是语言规范工作所面临的一个难题。当前 ,语言规范化领域存在打击面过宽的偏向。区别“信息羡余”和“语病重复” ,可以从两方面考虑 :一是凭借人们的语感 ,一是参照表达实际。有时 ,是重复还是羡余 ,分界不是很清楚     

话题转换的顺应性研究

根据顺应理论,使用语言的过程是一个进行选择的过程,语言使用者不仅选择语言形式,同时还选择使用策略。话题转换现象是对社会规约和心理世界的一种顺应。话题转换不当,会产生负面影响,妨碍交际的进行。     

Children's gender- and age-based categorization in similarity and induction tasks

The present studies examined children's and adults' preferences for gender- or age-based categorization using similarity and inductive inference tasks. Four-year-olds, 6-year-olds, and adults looked at pictures of people and decided which of two was more like a target (similarity condition) or which shared a novel age- or gender-related property with the target (inference condition). Age or gender-based matches were possible. The results are consistent with previous findings that gender-based classification decreases with age. However, they also demonstrate that children use gender more for judging similarity than for making inferences about novel properties. Distinct patterns emerge from the two tasks: 6-year-olds and adults in both conditions categorize more by age than gender; 4-year-olds categorize by gender more than age in the similarity task, but by age more in the induction task. Only adults differentiated by property in the inference condition. These findings suggest that the salience of gender categories cannot entirely be attributed to their inductive potential. Gender has a salience beyond what would be predicted by its power for directing novel generalizations.     

对执行定位、执行不能和执行规范的法律思考

执行工作是法律赋予人民法院的职能,应严格按照民事诉讼的立法精神和立法原则展开,体现出救济性、中立性和被动性;执行不能是申请执行人对其经营风险的延续,是申请执行人应当自行承担的后果和责任;人民法院的执行工作要淡化职权色彩、强化法定程序、完善执行监督。     

The status of women among the scheduled tribes in India

The scheduled tribes constitute about 8.2% of the total population in India. Although there is a large volume of anthropological literature describing the characteristics of and differences among the various tribes in India, little inter-disciplinary research has been done to uncover the status of women among the tribal population in India. This paper will analyze the status of women among the scheduled tribes in India. Frequent comparisons will be made to the social and cultural practices of the scheduled tribes, mainstream Hindus, as well as the scheduled caste population. Through this analysis, we will show the distinctiveness of the tribal cultures and the fact that many women from the scheduled tribes face less discrimination than Hindu women and those from scheduled castes.     

HL7标准在医疗仪器通讯中的应用

介绍通过编程实现以HL7标准的检验数据在检验仪器与临床检验信息系统(clinical labora-tory information system,CLIS)之间的数据格式转换,从而解决各种检验仪器的接口软件重用性问题,并保证数据交换的准确性.国内外检验仪器的生产厂家应尽快应用HL7标准,规范仪器通讯接口的数据通讯.