Translating cross-lagged effects into incidence rates and risk ratios: The case of psychosocial safety climate and depression

Longitudinal studies are the gold standard of empirical work and stress research whenever experiments are not plausible. Frequently, scales are used to assess risk factors and their consequences, and cross-lagged effects are estimated to determine possible risks. Methods to translate cross-lagged effects into risk ratios to facilitate risk assessment do not yet exist, which creates a divide between psychological and epidemiological work stress research. The aim of the present paper is to demonstrate how cross-lagged effects can be used to assess the risk ratio of different levels of psychosocial safety climate (PSC) in organisations, an important psychosocial risk for the development of depression. We used available longitudinal evidence from the Australian Workplace Barometer (N?=?1905) to estimate cross-lagged effects of PSC on depression. We applied continuous time modelling to obtain time-scalable cross effects. These were further investigated in a 4-year Monte Carlo simulation, which translated them into 4-year incident rates. Incident rates were determined by relying on clinically relevant 2-year periods of depression. We suggest a critical value of PSC?=?26 (corresponding to ?1.4 SD), which is indicative of more than 100% increased incidents of persistent depressive disorder in 4-year periods compared to average levels of PSC across 4 years.     

Adolescent Protective Factors Promoting Resilience in Young Adults at Risk for Depression

In a longitudinal, community-based study, adolescent protective factors for those at risk for depression were identified that were associated with resilient outcomes in young adulthood. For those with childhood risk factors for major depression, significant protective factors included family cohesion, positive self appraisals, and good interpersonal relations. Findings may help inform the development of prevention and treatment programs for adolescents vulnerable to depression. Implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed.     

“大跃进”时期扫除文盲运动述论

1 95 8 - 1 960年 ,是新中国历史上的“大跃进”时期。在各行各业“大跃进”的历史条件下 ,也掀起了扫除文盲的“大跃进”运动。这一运动随形势发展 ,由兴到衰 ,经历了一个曲折的发展过程。在扫除文盲运动中 ,存在着严重的浮夸现象 ,但一些具体的做法也不无借鉴意义     

沙僧形象溯源

沙僧是《西游记》中重要的取经人物之一。从《大正新修大藏经》中的相关材料看 ,其原型当是出于密教中的深沙神 ,历经唐宋元明诸朝说部作者的结撰才定型。     

刘少奇与大跃进

刘少奇积极参与了“大跃进”运动的决策与推动 ,除了在当时发明“公社”这一用词外 ,他还曾大力提倡大炼钢铁与供给制。随着“大跃进”危害日益明显 ,从 196 1年开始 ,刘少奇对“大跃进”的错误有所纠正。与当时的大多数中共领导人一样 ,他对“大跃进”的错误也有一个认识过程     

沈从文创作心理三部曲

沈从文家世的衰落和在社会(主要是在北京)遭到的拒绝使他产生了自卑心理,在摆脱自卑的重负和与城市搏斗的过程中,他形成了“乡下人”的审美立场,构建了城乡异趣的文学世界,从而使自己获得了自尊,达到了生命中的“高峰体验”,进而达到超越自卑的境界,成了“自我实现的人”。在心理的迁移过程中,沈从文的创作呈现了三部曲:感伤/回忆—嘲讽/抒情—白描/写实。在此基础上,《边城》意蕴、《长河》残卷也有了新的阐释。     

西部产业集群发展的制度分析

从制度上看,区域产业集群发展具有自发性或诱致性、以市场制度为基础密切联系而形成核心竞争力、根植性等制度特征。西部产业集群发展,具有优惠的区域政策和制度后发优势,但也面临一定的正式制度和非正式制度约束,如与市场经济相左的思想道德观念、偏重自然资源的路径依赖、地方政府职能的错位、中央投资体制分割,等等。针对这些约束,必须采取相应的制度创新。     

论张璁的“大礼议”与改革思想

张璁继承永嘉功利学派的思想,对当时社会存在的严重弊端,进行了改革,并在清理勋戚庄田、撤除镇守太监、清理吏治、倡廉反腐及改称孔子为至圣先师而不称王的改革实践中取得了成功.后人认为他事功似胜张居正一筹.     

EFFECTS OF INTERNET USE AND SOCIAL RESOURCES ON CHANGES IN DEPRESSION

We examine how people's different uses of the Internet predict their later scores on a standard measure of depression, and how their existing social resources moderate these effects. In a longitudinal US survey conducted in 2001 and 2002, almost all respondents reported using the Internet for information, and entertainment and escape; these uses of the Internet had no impact on changes in respondents' level of depression. Almost all respondents also used the Internet for communicating with friends and family, and they showed lower depression scores six months later. Only about 20 percent of this sample reported using the Internet to meet new people and talk in online groups. Doing so changed their depression scores depending on their initial levels of social support. Those having high or medium levels of social support showed higher depression scores; those with low levels of social support did not experience these increases in depression. Our results suggest that individual differences in social resources and people's choices of how they use the Internet may account for the different outcomes reported in the literature.     

《汉语大词典》遗阙《释名》词语之义举隅

《释名》中有的词,《汉语大词典》虽予以收录,但未释该书用例之义。现试举数例,略作考释。