How do policy levers shape the quality of a national health system?

Poor quality of care may have a detrimental effect on access and take-up and can become a serious barrier to the universality of health services. This consideration is of particular interest in view of the fact that health systems in many countries must address a growing public-sector deficit and respond to increasing pressures due to COVID-19 and aging population, among other factors. In line with a rapidly emerging literature, we focus on patient satisfaction as a proxy for quality of health care. Drawing on rich longitudinal and cross-sectional data for Spain and multilevel estimation techniques, we show that in addition to individual level differences, policy levers (such as public health spending and the patient-doctor ratio, in particular) exert a considerable influence on the quality of a health care system. Our results suggest that policymakers seeking to enhance the quality of care should be cautious when compromising the level of health resources, and in particular, health personnel, as a response to economic downturns in a sector that traditionally had insufficient human resources in many countries, which have become even more evident in the light of the current health crisis. Additionally, we provide evidence that the increasing reliance on the private health sector may be indicative of inefficiencies in the public system and/or the existence of features of private insurance which are deemed important by patients.     

同质异趣色彩纷呈--莫泊桑与欧·亨利短篇小说布局艺术比较

个性是创作的生命。尽管莫泊桑和欧·亨利同是短篇小说大师,都以布局的精致巧妙而著称,但他们在创作上却是各自发挥他们独有的艺术魅力,显示出其独特的创作个性和风格,两人的创作,无论是从情节的设置、结尾艺术,还是叙述方式等方面,在有着外在相似性的同时,还有着内在的相通与相异。     

严复的能力观及其对当代公共管理创新的启示——对史华兹《寻求富强:严复与西方》的一种解读

对美国著名汉学家史华兹的代表作<寻求富强:严复与西方>进行文本解读发现:该著所反映出的严复能力观对当代公共管理的创新发展具有重要的启示意义.严复认为中西方的关键性差别在于能力,而隐含其中的是以能力为导向的主体意识和公共意识方面的差距."-3代公共管理的创新发展有必要吸收严复能力观中的思想精髓,以国家能力建构为着力点,以公民启蒙为社会基石,以突显公正为其内在灵魂.对正处于社会转型期的国家而言,努力实现国家能力与公民自由问的平衡是达致善治的关键.     

圣经背景中的亨利五世形象

亨利五世是莎士比亚塑造的理想君主形象,也是一个多种品格的综合体,其中渗入了自身的宗教和生活体验。结合圣经背景从民族英雄、上帝选民、世俗之人三个方面对亨利五世进行阐释。     

从人道主义向自然主义迈进的福克纳——读《我弥留之际》

美国南方流派的代表作家威廉·福克纳是一位实验性的作家,在他的文学生涯中,他做过多种尝试,他的早期长篇小说《我弥留之际》是其中非常重要的一次。这部作品的创作思想显示福克纳在上世纪30年代从人道主义向自然主义迈进。     

亨利·詹姆斯对理想文明的追求

亨利·詹姆斯是美国著名的小说家。他一生关心的是人与人之间的关系。在他横贯两大陆的特殊生活中 ,他发现欧洲代表一种文明 ,美国则代表另一种文明。美国人有很强的道德意识 ,尚未被虚伪诡诈、势利庸俗的世风所玷污 ,但他们诚实的背后却隐藏着无知 ;欧洲有灿烂的文化 ,所以 ,欧洲人有教养 ,有品味 ,但他们却道貌岸然 ,内心充满门第等级、虚荣傲慢等传统偏见。通过新旧两大陆文明的对比 ,詹姆斯试图发现并阐释一种新的文明社会 ,使人类能在更高层面上和谐相处。他对此理想文明社会的探索及追求贯穿于他的主要作品及他的一生。     

六经注我,我注六经--简述陆九渊的经学思想

南宋心学创始人陆九渊对传统经学采取尊重与怀疑的辩证态度,这是由他立学的宗旨和问学的态度决定的。他主张自立、自得、独立思考、大胆疑问,也因此形成了“六经注我,我注六经”的精神,创立了心学一系。象山经学可说是传统经学的心学化。其心学开一代学风,对推动中国学术的向前发展具有重要意义和价值。     

理查兹的作者心理经验论

理查兹(1893—1981)是本世纪初英国著名的文学批评家。本文旨在考查他的作者心理经验论。理查兹倡导了后来美国的新批评派所极力推崇的“细读”式批评。他认为作品只不过是读者进入作者心灵的窗口。由于读者文学水准的高低不一,所以,读者的看法不能作为评价文学的标准。理查兹把作者的心理经验看成是衡量读者“期待视野”的标尺。理查兹对绝对标准的关注,使其理论带有明显的客观主义和实证主义的色彩;同时他对心理因素的兴趣也使他的理论具有人文主义和心理主义的内涵。     

Program analysis using the client oriented cost outcome system.

The client oriented cost outcome system has been under development in Pennsylvania community and hospital programs since 1972. The system builds upon the behavioral and decision data generated with or on behalf of consumers. Flexibility for local program system design is permitted if the procedures of consumer intake, review, and termination document each consumer's (a) problems, resources, and goals, (b) overall functioning level in their ordinary community, and (c) services intended and rendered as related to (a), above. While the system's primary application is in providing feedback for local program quality assurance and evaluation procedures, aggregation of data permits program planning and evaluation at county, state, and federal levels in terms of (a) client demographic or diagnostic characteristics, and (b) program service characteristics and objectives.     

Accelerated life test sampling plans for the Weibull distribution under Type I progressive interval censoring with random removals

This paper considers the design of accelerated life test (ALT) sampling plans under Type I progressive interval censoring with random removals. We assume that the lifetime of products follows a Weibull distribution. Two levels of constant stress higher than the use condition are used. The sample size and the acceptability constant that satisfy given levels of producer's risk and consumer's risk are found. In particular, the optimal stress level and the allocation proportion are obtained by minimizing the generalized asymptotic variance of the maximum likelihood estimators of the model parameters. Furthermore, for validation purposes, a Monte Carlo simulation is conducted to assess the true probability of acceptance for the derived sampling plans.