庄子“至人”理想人格的美育思想探微

庄子以“至人”为理想人格 ,其特征是 :与天为一、无为无己、形全精复。其中流露出的美学思想正是当代高校美育所要借鉴的 :至人最美 ,至人之美突出精神美 ,知识分子通过“坐忘”而成至人。     

Daily work pressure and exposure to bullying-related negative acts: The role of daily transformational and laissez-faire leadership

The present study integrates the work environment hypothesis and the effort-reward imbalance model to argue that work-related antecedents of workplace bullying are moderated by the day-to-day leadership practices of one’s immediate leader. Specifically, we propose that individuals’ daily experiences of work pressure are positively related to their daily experiences of bullying-related negative acts. Moreover, we claim that this relationship is weaker on days when those individuals report high (vs. low) levels of transformational leadership behaviour, and stronger on days when they report high (vs. low) levels of laissez-faire leadership behaviour. To test these three hypotheses, we asked 61 naval cadets on a tall ship sailing from Northern Europe to North America to fill out a diary questionnaire for 36 days yielding 1509 observations. The results of multilevel analyses supported our hypothesis of a positive relationship of cadets’ daily reports of work pressure with their daily reports of bullying-related negative acts. In addition, laissez-faire leadership behaviour (but not transformational leadership behaviour) moderated the work pressure–bullying-related negative acts relationship. Our findings support the assumption that laissez-faire leadership is an important component in the development of conflict escalation and workplace bullying, while transformational leadership is not. We discuss theoretical as well as practical implications of these findings.     

英国自由放任经济发展战略述评

自由放任政策是英国重商主义之后发展经济的指导性政策。但深究英国自由放任经济政策的实质,不难看出,在自由放任理念盛行的年代,国家在理论和道义上遵循了占主流的经济发展理念,而其战略和政策的出发点则在于经济运作最核心的一点——利益。而如何实现最大利益化,也是推动英国经济发展政策从自由放任向国家干预转变的内在动力。