Gender differences in willingness to compete: The role of public observability

A recent literature emphasizes that gender differences in the labor market may in part be driven by a gender gap in willingness to compete. However, whereas experiments in this literature typically investigate willingness to compete in private environments, real world competitions often have a more public nature, which introduces potential social image concerns. If such image concerns are important, and men and women differ in the degree to which they want to be seen as competitive, making tournament entry decisions publicly observable may further exacerbate the gender gap. We test this prediction using a laboratory experiment (N = 784) that varies the degree to which the decision to compete, and its outcome, is publicly observable. We find that public observability does not alter the magnitude of the gender gap in willingness to compete in an economically or statistically significant way.     

犹在镜中——论张爱玲小说的电影感

在中国现代文学史上,不能说张爱玲是伟大的,但可以说她是深刻的.张爱玲的小说创作是富有特色的,她总是善于通过独特的视角去体味人生、阐释生命.她的小说是时代的记录、心灵的感言.她善于捕捉声、色、画、影去刻画人物,其电影化的创作方法很有新意.     

论茅盾小说的叙事范式及当代回响

本文意在重构茅盾小说的叙事范式 :一个由社会情状与普遍人性交融而成的宏大叙事 ;进而描述这一叙事范式对当代中国文学的深刻影响 :前 30年主要承传“史诗性”层面 ,后 2 0年逐渐在两个层面交错行进中走向全面的承传 ,由此带来新时期文学的繁荣。     

情与理的困惑选择--论时事小说的创作特色

时事小说是中国小说史上不可忽略的历史存在 ,由于与现实过分密切的关系 ,时事小说家们虽以史家自居 ,却不能很好地控制自己的情感 ,因此形成了时事小说情感与理智两相悖反的独特现象。本文从对明君中兴的企盼、对农民起义的态度、对神鬼迷信的描写三个方面来探讨时事小说中情感与理智的矛盾     

后现代主义小说的文本策略及其转向

后现代主义小说在诗学形态上具有显而易见的复杂性,可划分为后现代主义实验小说和通俗小说两大类.后现代主义小说对于抄袭等互文法的想象性使用,对于体裁界限的混合和模糊,对于多重文本和结尾的设计,对于异色和暴力的美化和风格化等,在读者面前形成文学上不可理解的斯芬克斯之谜.但随着后现代主义小说创造力的日趋衰竭,其被普遍采用和模仿的形式和技巧,已经或即将变成新的规范和僵化模式,文学期待着后现代主义颠覆之后的转向与重建.     

平教会定县实验中的农村卫生工作之考察

中华平民教育促进会定县实验区在二十世纪三十年代创立了一套由村保健员、乡保健所、县保健院组成的三级卫生保健网,并在学校卫生、妇婴保健、传染病预防和疾病治疗等方面做出了显著的成绩,在当时产生了广泛的影响,对我们今天来说仍值得借鉴。     

Learning in experiments: Dynamic interaction of policy variables designed to deter tax evasion

While neoclassical economic theory sheds insight into the way that audit rates and penalty rates interact when individuals decide to declare income for taxation, it predicts far lower levels of compliance than observed levels of compliance. This paper analyses experimental responses to explore a dynamic interaction between audit and penalty rates as individuals learn how to comply with taxation. It compares the responses of subjects in experiments with responses that are predicted when individuals rely on an adaptive learning process (that offers information feedback about decision payoffs). This comparison suggests that learning is an important consideration when explaining differences between predicted and observed levels of tax compliance.     

生物化学及其实验课程教学的现状及其改革措施——以贵州民族学院为例

分析了当前生物化学教学中存在的问题;研究和探索了生物化学及其实验教学改革的思路和措施.     

Fair and efficient division through unanimity bargaining when claims are subjective

In a subjective claims problem several partners have conflicting perceptions on how a jointly produced surplus should be divided fairly amongst them. In a large-scale experiment, we compare the fairness and efficiency of three unanimity bargaining procedures used to reach a consensus in a three-partner subjective claims problem. Under each procedure partners move sequentially, making alternating proposals. The procedures differ in whether they ask for a complete division proposal (Offer and Exit rule) or only for a proposal regarding the partner’s own fair share (Demand rule); and in whether partners have to accept the entire division proposal (Offer and Demand rule) or only their own share (Exit rule). For the fairness assessment partial and impartial fairness views are used and we find that the Offer rule performs best in terms of allocative fairness and no worse in terms of efficiency.     

Measuring people's trust

Summary. We measure trust and trustworthiness in British society with a newly designed experiment using real monetary rewards and a sample of the British population. The study also asks the typical survey question that aims to measure trust, showing that it does not predict 'trust' as measured in the experiment. Overall, about 40% of people were willing to trust a stranger in our experiment, and their trust was rewarded half of the time. Analysis of variation in the trust behaviour in our survey suggests that trusting is more likely if people are older, their financial situation is either 'comfortable' or 'difficult' compared with 'doing alright' or 'just getting by', they are a homeowner or they are divorced, separated or never married compared with those who are married or cohabiting. Trustworthiness also is more likely among subjects who are divorced or separated relative to those who are married or cohabiting, and less likely among subjects who perceive their financial situation as 'just getting by' or 'difficult'. We also analyse the effect of attitudes towards risks on trust.