Employment motivations of farm spouses

In the study reported here, reasons for working off the farm and reasons for not working off the farm are examined as a function of gender and socioeconomic characteristics. Women are significantly less likely than men to work off the farm to supplement farm income, and significantly more likely to work off the farm for personal reasons. A logistic regression analysis finds that men, those employed fulltime off the farm, and those with lower household incomes are most likely to cite economic reasons for working off the farm. Men are nearly twice as likely as women to cite time constraints as the primary reason for not working off the farm, while only women cite family responsibilities. Logistic regression reveals that men, those with higher household incomes, and those with livestock operations are most likely to cite lack of time as the primary reason for not working off the farm.Patricia J. Wozniak is Associate Professor in the Department of Experimental Statistics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. Her research interests include family life and family economics, as well as the application of statistics to the social sciences. She received her Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee.Kathleen K. Scholl is Senior Coordinator of the Economics Team of the Public Policy Institute at the American Association of Retired Persons, 1909 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20049. She received her Ph.D. from Purdue University.     

H-值Mixingales及其收敛性

引人弱和强H-值（Hibert空间值）Mixingales的概念，并建立了相应的弱收敛及强收敛性定理，它们推广了[5]及[6]中相应的结果．     

Two-sided assembly line balancing: A genetic algorithm approach

A two-sided assembly line balancing problem is typically found in plants producing large-sized high-volume products, e.g. buses and trucks. The features specific to the assembly line are described in this paper, which are associated with those of: (i) two-sided assembly lines; (ii) positional constraints; and (iii) balancing at the operational time. There exists a large amount of literature in the area of line balancing, whereby it has mostly dealt with one-sided assembly lines. A new genetic algorithm is developed to solve the problem, and its applicability and extensibility are discussed. A genetic encoding and decoding scheme, and genetic operators suitable for the problem are devised. This is particularly emphasized using problem-specific information to enhance the performance of the genetic algorithm (GA). The proposed GA has a strength that it is flexible in solving various types of assembly line balancing problems. An experiment is carried out to verify the performance of the GA, and the results are reported.     

The management of strategic alliances: cultural resistance. Comparing the cases of a Dutch telecom operator in the Netherlands Antilles and Indonesia

Since the early 1990s, European telecom operators have expanded their activities to international markets in South America, Asia and Eastern Europe and formed complex networks of strategic alliances and joint ventures. This paper examines potential dynamics in such alliances and explores the developments in the strategic alliances of a Dutch telecom operator (KPN) in the Netherlands Antilles and Indonesia. The case studies examine how local partners responded to the cross‐cultural strategies used by KPN to manage the alliances. In particular, the studies reveal that ethnocentric cross‐cultural management strategies, used by KPN to establish a dominant position in the alliances, triggered a new awareness of the cultural identities of local telecom operators. In turn, this increased cultural awareness stimulated the patters of resistance towards KPN as the dominant partner. This paper introduces the concept of ‘ethnicization’ to describe this strategy of resistance by the less dominant partner. The paper calls for more research to understand the strategic use of cultural identity in transnational alliances.     

变革社会中高校与学生关系的法律辨析

当前高校与学生纠纷的产生可以从二者关系的变化找到根本原因。高等教育领域的改革使得高校不仅是行政管理者,还具备了经营者的身份。学生是受教育者和不完全消费者的统一体。传统的一元结构定位导致高校侵犯学生消费权益的事件时有发生。应确立学生的消费者地位,将高校作为经营者的行为纳入市场竞争法的规制中。高校依据教育法律法规规定行使管理权时是行政管理者,而在行使自主管理权和后勤管理权时则应是提供服务的经营者。     

基于中心-差分算子的不对称FIR滤波器

介绍了基于中心-差分算子的不对称有限冲击响应(FIR)低通滤波器.包括代替移位算子E~て的中心-差分算子无限序列的截断和修改以及通带和阻带设计过程的有效分离.     

黎斯空间中Carleman算子的序性质

设G是一个赋范的黎斯空间,F是一个黎斯空间,作者证明:受Carleman算子控制的算子也是Carleman算子:序有界的Carleman算子是序闭的;如果T:G→F是Carleman算子.且|T|存在,则|T|也是Carleman算子。     

Determination of Sample Size for Distribution-free Tolerance Limits

Formulas for the moments of the better known probability distribution functions are available in the literature on the subject. Persons wishing to derive these formulas, however, may find standard methods to be quite laborious. For discrete probability functions, surprisingly compact and elegant derivations may be obtained by using finite difference operators. Examples of this approach are presented.     

一类修正的Gamma算子及其收敛性

将Gamma算子中涉及的无穷区间广义积分修正为有限区间上的积分,从而得到了一类修正的Gamma算子,并讨论了它们收敛的充要条件.