‘Education for All’ in Cambodia: Democratic Educational and Children’s Empowerment Global Values Facing State Patronage

Among countries in Southeast Asia, Cambodia hosts the most NGOs per inhabitant and is particularly influenced by international education policies. To this extent, Cambodia constitutes a pertinent fieldwork location for reflection upon the role of global governance of education in the ‘global South’. Grounded in long-term fieldwork in a village and primary school, and multi-sited fieldwork with education technocrats and functionaries at the national and provincial levels, this article examines the cooperation between the state and the ‘global-politic’ in the way that it is polarised around the development of the policy ‘Education for All’ (EFA) in Cambodia. I argue that the global actors in education are promoting a kind of ‘moral economy’ of education and that their different programmes, however diverse they may be, are underpinned by common democratic and empowerment values. These values remain fairly ‘silent’, buried beneath technocratic demands, and clash with the informal economy of patronage grafted onto the Ministry of Education. This is an informal economy to which I give some empirical depth. I defend the fact that this moral confrontation is part of the context in which a paradoxical situation has emerged and that some light needs to be shed on this paradox in a country where the post-colonial state of education agrees, to a certain extent, to delegate part of its sovereignty for the benefit of the ‘global-politic’ of education.     

匡山书院与“南宫义举”的由来与价值

泰和县地处吉泰盆地核心区,自古以来是粮食农业发达之区,为发展文化事业奠定了坚实的经济基础。朝廷科举与民办书院相互为用,促进文化教育逐步发展。南唐时期罗韬在家乡创办匡山书院,开风气之先。南宋中期泰和县人士率先实施“南宫义举”,在社会上树立了一个榜样,是社会文教事业的大进步。泰和“南宫义举”的首创地位,依史有据,无可怀疑。“义举（约）”形式的赞助发展为设立“贡士庄”,为扶贫而起的襄助进而对全体赴考者的资助,改自费赴考为官费赴考,是文教制度上的完善,对发展书院教育与维持科举事业有积极效益。     

Symbiosis of Microcredit and Private Moneylending in Cambodia

Microcredit's potential for poverty reduction is a highly contested issue. In Cambodia, the dramatically increasing commercial microcredit coexists with widespread private moneylending. These two practices are rooted in different economic world views: neoliberalism on the one hand, and the traditional Khmer economic sociality permeated by patronage on the other. The ethnography shows that far from competing with each other, microcredit and private lending have adapted to form a symbiotic relationship, and much private lending is financed through microcredit. While microcredit is often beneficial to people living well above the poverty line, the widespread access to credit, through microloans as well as private lending, is threatening the livelihoods of the economically most vulnerable and precipitating their social, economic and spatial exclusion from their local communities. In contrast to the social and economic exclusion caused by land grabbing and forced evictions, which has received a fair amount of public attention, exclusion as a consequence of indebtedness has, for sociocultural reasons, remained much less visible.     

The structure of norms and relations in patronage systems

Patronage systems are composed of a social relation (between patron and client), the norms associated with this relation (support, defend, not attack), and network-formation rules (governing the creation of patronage ties). Actors in a patronage system face moral dilemmas when they become obligated to fight on both sides of a conflict, and patronage systems are normatively consistent when these dilemmas can never arise. This paper examines the structure of normatively consistent patronage systems, exploring the logical relationships among norms and between norms and network structure. The paper illustrates how sociologically relevant concerns from deontic logic can be incorporated into network analysis using algebraic methods familiar to network analysts.     

A corporate responsibility? The constitution of fly-in,fly-out mining companies as governance partners in remote,mine-affected localities

In some remote parts of Australia, mining companies have positioned themselves as central actors in governing nearby affected communities by espousing notions of ‘voluntary partnerships for sustainability’ between business, government and community. It is argued in this paper that the nature and extent of mining company interventions in nearby communities constitutes a new problematic for these corporate actors. Drawing on research conducted in two remote areas in Australia, this paper undertakes an analytics of government to ask how mining companies have become leading actors in determining the future of local, mine-affected communities. It is suggested that their interventions arise from two processes: industry priorities for securing a ‘social license to operate’ by making a positive contribution to affected communities; and the restructuring of the state which has created an institutional void in these remote localities. As a result, mining companies are ‘filling the gaps’ in local service delivery through a mode of governing that takes the form of patronage rather than partnership. This raises questions about the future viability of these communities once the mines eventually close, and new challenges of governing for corporate actors.     

权力意识操控下的翻译活动及启示——以建国初期十七年中国翻译活动为例

翻译活动是受意识形态及赞助人等权力操控下的一种社会活动。借助于福柯的权力话语理论及勒弗菲尔的改写理论从历史实证角度探讨建国初期十七年新中国翻译活动的过程及其制约因素,旨在揭示这一阶段中国翻译活动的基本特点,为新时期翻译活动的良性发展提供一些引资借鉴。     

中国转型期地方庇荫网形成的制度因素

某些地方基层组织中出现的庇荫网模式与以下三个制度因素有关。首先,是上下级之间“恩主—受庇人”的庇护制关系。其次,是部分地方官员与黑恶势力之间的互生关系,以及前者对后者的寄生性。这种关系使一些当权者可以在完全摆脱正式制度约束的条件下,实现权力的极端个人化。第三,地方司法系统受某些地方政府官员支配控制的人事组织结构,致使地方官员的违法行为受到地方司法官员的司法庇护。这三种制度性因素,是中国特色的“地方苏丹化”的结构性基础。如果政治体制改革不能在制度创新方面作出重大努力,这种以庇荫网为基础的类苏丹化的地方政治顽症就很难根本铲除。     

B2C中网络信任与消费者涉入关系的实证研究

本文以消费者信任为基础,从网购消费者涉入、消费者个性特征关系上,深入探究影响网购消费者再惠顾意愿的驱动因素.实证研究结果显示:消费者对卖方的信任态度对其再惠顾意愿的影响最为显著,其次为消费者对产品与服务的涉入态度.这意味着卖方必须注重自身的信用累积,通过提供良好的产品与服务品质,并在安全性上塑造良好的购物环境,以促成消费者网上交易的意愿,增强消费者进行网络购物时的正向体验及涉入.