行走于边缘的欲望化叙事——新生代作家小说创作评析

“新生代”作家的小说创作明显疏离了前几代作家们所习惯关心的话题,而显示出较为独特的文学追求。他们更关注对“当下现实”的书写,其创作很少有宏大的主题,更多的是对生活表象的个人化体验和书写,他们以“边缘化”的立场和“非代言人”的角色书写个人的感觉经验和隐秘的内心世界,是面向自身个体生命的欲望式倾诉。     

华北宗族的弱化与基督教在乡土社会的发展 ———以豫西李村为中心的考察

历史考察表明,宗族组织的控制和宗族观念的影响,是阻碍基督教在中国传播的重要原因。对豫西李村的研究发现,随着社会的分化和专门化进程,宗族的部分功能被市场代替,宗族组织与宗族观念亦随之弱化。从历史考察与现实的个案来说,宗族的弱化有利于基督教的发展,反过来,基督教的发展也进一步弱化着宗族的力量。这一双向互动的过程,慢慢地改变着中国文化与社会结构。尽管如此,笔者并不认为基督教是宗族的功能替代项。     

Personalization: From Story‐line to Practice

Personalization has become a unifying theme and a dominant narrative across public services in England. Key to understanding the dominance of personalization is the recognition that it is a story that is told about public services, their history and the roles and experiences of the people who use them and work in them. Like other stories it is compelling, emotionally resonant, but also multi‐interpretable. This article identifies five key themes which are central to the personalization story‐line, noting their reliance on a combination of formal evidence, personal narratives and common sense. These are: (1) personalization works, transforming people's lives for the better; (2) person‐centred approaches reflect the way people live their lives, rather than artificial departmental boundaries; (3) personalization is applicable to everyone, not just to people with social care needs; (4) people are experts on their own lives; (5) personalization will save money. The article goes on to examine some of the complexities that audiences face in translating a story‐line into policy programmes and frontline practice. Three aspects in particular are considered: the ambiguity of personalization as a guide to action; the tensions between user empowerment and user responsibility; and the extent to which personalization is used to legitimize other reforms, in particular budget cuts.     

文学的人化与人的文学化--孟子荀子文学思想之比较

孟子和荀子都是孔子的忠实信徒,然而他们对孔子的文学思想的理解和阐发却不尽一致.孟子所关心的中心问题是"仕",即如何提升士的道德人格以利发挥他们的政治作用,因此他不单独谈论文学,只把文学作为反映人格的一面镜子,从而凸显了文学作为人的精神产品的属性.苟子所关心的中心问题是"治",即如何按照圣人制订的礼乐制度和伦理道德标准行事,他把文学作为圣人创造的一种外在于人并符合人文理想的文化典籍和社会意识形态,从而使文学成了独立于人而存在的人文知识.文学的人化与人的文学化造成了中国文学始终不能脱离道德和政治的双重制约.     

Micro‐provision of Social Care Support for Marginalized Communities – Filling the Gap or Building Bridges to the Mainstream?

As English social care services reconstruct themselves in response to the personalization agenda, there is increased interest in the contribution of micro‐providers – very small community‐based organizations, which can work directly with individuals. These micro‐providers are assumed to be able to cater for the ‘seldom heard’ groups which have been marginalized within mainstream social care services. This article reviews recent literature from the UK published in peer‐reviewed journals from 2000 to 2013 on support provision for people with protected characteristics under the Equality Act 2010. It considers the marginalising dynamics in mainstream, statutory social care support provision, and how far local community, specialist or small‐scale services are responding to unmet need for support and advice among marginalized groups. The review found that there is a tradition of compensatory self‐organization, use of informal networks and a mobilization of social capital for all these groups in response to marginalization from mainstream, statutory services. This requires recognition and nurturing in ways that do not stifle its unique nature. Specialist and community‐based micro‐providers can contribute to a wider range of choices for people who feel larger, mainstream services are not suitable or accessible. However, the types of compensatory activity identified in the research need recognition and investment, and its existence does not imply that the mainstream should not address marginalization.     

‘Any one of us could be among that number’: Comparing the Policy Narratives for Individualized Disability Funding in Australia and England

In this article we compare the introduction of individualized budget policies for people with disabilities in Australia and England. Data is drawn from semi‐structured interviews undertaken in Australia with politicians, policymakers, providers, disability rights groups and care planners, along with analysis of policy documents. This data is compared to the authors’ earlier research from England on the personalization narrative. We argue that the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) currently being introduced in Australia deploys an insurance storyline, emphasizing risk‐pooling and the minimizing of future liabilities. This contrasts with the dominant storyline in England in which attention has focused on the right to choice and control for a minority of the population. This difference can be explained by the different financial context: the NDIS needed to build public and political support for a large increase in funding for disability services, whereas in England the reforms have been designed as cost‐neutral. Tensions in the English narrative have been about the extent to which personalization reforms empower the individual as a consumer, with purchasing power, or as a citizen with democratic rights. Australia's approach can be characterized as a form of social investment, evoking tensions between the citizenship of people with disabilities now and the future worker‐citizen.     

Choice,Competition and Care – Developments in English Social Care and the Impacts on Providers and Older Users of Home Care Services

This article critically examines recent changes in markets for home (domiciliary) care services in England. During the 1990s, the introduction of competition between private (for‐profit and charitable) organizations and local authority providers of long‐term care services aimed to create a ‘mixed economy’ of supply. More recently, care markets have undergone further reforms through the introduction of direct payments and personal budgets. Underpinned by discourses of user choice, these mechanisms aim to offer older people increased control over the public resources for their care, thereby introducing further competitive pressures within local care markets. The article presents early evidence of these changes on:

• The commissioning and contracting of home care services by local authorities and individual older people.
• The experiences and outcomes for individual older people using home care services.

Drawing on evidence from two recent empirical studies, the article describes how the new emphasis on choice and competition is being operationalized within six local care markets. There are suggestions of small increases in user agency and in opportunities for older people to receive more personalized home care, in which the quality of care‐giving relationships can also be optimized. However, the article also presents early evidence of increases in risk and costs associated with the expansion of competition and choice, both for organizations providing home care services and for individual older service users.     

Will Direct Payments Make Adult Residential Care more Personalized? Views and Experiences of Social Care Staff in the Direct Payments in Residential Care Trailblazers

Direct payments, i.e. cash payments made directly to the individual in lieu of social care services, have become an established option in council‐funded domiciliary care as a means to better personalize care and support. As part of its agenda to modernize social care, the Government tested their use in long‐term residential care in 18 trailblazing councils in England. This article presents findings from the independent evaluation of this initiative, using interviews with project leads seconded to the programme in all participating councils, and with council and care home staff involved in implementing direct payments in residential care in five sites. Interviews were conducted between September 2014 and November 2015. They explored professionals' views and experiences of personalization in residential care and their thoughts on the potential contribution of direct payments to promoting personalization. Whilst there was agreement that good care takes personal preferences into account and that many care homes could provide a more personalized service, doubts were voiced about whether direct payments were an appropriate mechanism to achieve this aim. This was seen as particularly pertinent in relation to residents with very high care needs and limited capacity to exercise choice and control. Interviewees also identified a number of risks and challenges to implementation, including financial risks to care homes. The findings from these interviews suggest that the contribution of direct payments to personalizing residential care may be more modest than expected.     

A Brave New World of Personalized Care? Historical Perspectives on Social Care and Older People in England

Social care policy for older people in England continues to generate extensive discussion around the need to break with the past and to deliver a personalized response to need. This article explores the extent to which this represents a complete break with the past by looking at four key reports from the past, namely the Rucker Report (1946 ) on the break up of the Poor Law, the Seebohm Report (1968 ) on the personal social services, the Griffiths Report (1988 ) on community care and The Royal Commission on Long Term Care ( Sutherland Report, 1999 ). Each is interrogated in terms of how social care is defined, how services are to be delivered, how quality is understood and the assumptions made about who will be able to access services. This analysis is used to draw out key continuities in policy assumptions such as the primacy of family and the ongoing debate about ‘What is social care?’ and how it can be distinguished from health care. The article also argues that the voluntary sector has always been seen as a ‘key player’ in social care. Finally, the analysis of the four reports is used to trace the ever changing role of local authorities in the planning, purchase and provision of social care services for older people.     

人的个性化与社会化关系的哲学阐释

人的个性化与社会化是相互联结、相互生成和不可分割的辩证关系。人的个性化和社会化相伴而行,个性化依赖于社会化,社会化是人的个性化的社会化;从个人的发展历史看,个性化与社会化处于相互促进的动态发展过程中;就整个人类发展的历史看,人的发展就是人的社会化程度不断提高的过程,也是人的个性不断地丰富和完善的过程。