Exploring the Use of the Stages of Change Model to Increase Organ Donations Among African Americans

Abstract

The success of organ transplants is affected by the degree of antigen match between donor and recipient. With organ transplants among African Americans, finding a good antigen match is difficult. While the consent rate for organ donations among Caucasians is 50%, this rate among African Americans is only 12%. The resulting ratio of donors to “recipients” is 1 to 9 in African Americans. The majority of organs received by African Americans come from Caucasian donors, thereby reducing the probability of an antigen match and increasing the probability of organ rejection. These circumstances could be improved if the organ donation rate eamong African Americans was increased. There is some empirical support for the theory that behavior change occurs through identifiable stages. This paper presents evidence for the construct validity of a stage of change measure suitable for use in designing and evaluating attempts to promote organ donations in the African American community. Use of this measure also permits clinicians to assess how receptive a client will be to organ donation promotional material. Use of this measure offers the possibility of refining approaches to organ donations among African Americans. Increases in the donor rate will result in a larger pool of antigen compatible organs in this subpopulation.     

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新《环境保护法》即将实施,党的十八届四中全会公报明确提出探索建立检察机关提起公益诉讼制度,这意味着环境公益诉讼在我国的司法实践将获得突破。本文试图结合环境公益诉讼的历史发展结合检察机关在环境公益诉讼中的主体地位进行初步探讨,以期确定检察机关在环境公益诉讼的定位。     

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侦查是刑事诉讼中一个非常重要的阶段.其中检察机关和公安机关是该程序的主要参与者,二者关系如何构建,检察机关在侦查中扮演什么角色将直接影响一个国家刑事诉讼的公正与效率.检察机关的定位必须与一个国家的法律传统、文化观念相适应,才能达到刑事诉讼的目的.     

检察机关自侦案件侦查监督论

在我国,侦查是刑事诉讼中一个独立的诉讼阶段。侦查活动的独特属性决定了侦查行为很容易出现滥用的情况,因此,为了保护侦查对象的合法权益,侦查监督就成了侦查程序中不可缺少的一环,而我国检察院自侦程序却恰恰缺乏这种外部监督,这就使法律的公正性受到了挑战。宪法明确规定检察机关是我国的法律监督机关,但同时检察机关又肩负着侦查犯罪的职责,这就不可避免地出现了自侦案件的监督缺位。因此,对于自侦案件,必须借鉴国外的做法,从立法上进行约束,并且赋予人民法院、辩护律师相应的权力对之进行监督。     

超声波技术与方法在有机磷农药废水降解中的应用研究

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社会管理创新中的检察功能与检察品质

检察作为一项重要的国家职能,既是加强社会管理的重要方式,又是社会管理法治化的重要途径,还是实现社会有效管理的重要保障;检察具有解决矛盾冲突、规范引导民众行为、维护社会秩序、监督制约权力、推动规则或政策的形成等重要功能。在社会管理创新中,检察机关需要培育服务大局的主动性、心系群众的亲民性、规范执法的自觉性、管理创新的能动性、素质强化的不懈性品质。     

侦诉一体化：我国检警关系之重塑

检警关系是刑事诉讼关系的基本内容之一,定位准确、线条流畅的检警关系对于诉讼机制的协调运作具有重要意义。然而,长期以来,我国在配合制约原则指导下构建的检警配合制约模式,却导致了我国检警关系的错位。我国应当在借鉴国外处理检警关系的经验基础上,以侦诉一体化为目标模式,对我国检警关系予以重构。     

国务院《人体器官移植条例》与WHO《指导原则》的差异比较

《人体器官移植条例》和WHO《指导原则》在供体来源、权益保护、补偿制度等方面存在差异,为更大限度地发挥器官移植在促进健康方面的作用,我国应实行明确同意和推定同意并行体制,确定脑死亡标准,适当扩大活体供体范围,并建立一定的补偿制度。     

知识概念扩展和作为知识表示技术的逻辑

知识概念是不断扩展的，逻辑学作为知识体系的一个组成部分，先是作为构建知识的工具。后工业社会知识概念的进一步发展，知识表示技术成为信息社会或者说知识社会重要的知识门类。排在首位的知识表示方法是在亚里士多德和斯多亚学派基础上建立的一阶逻辑。而当我们深入到其他知识表示方式的时候，这些表示方式的实质都是现代逻辑所研究的核心内容，即推理的知识。所以，逻辑学的功能在当代的演变方向之一就是演变为知识表示技术。     

Explaining individual level support for organ procurement policy

The demand for human organs for transplantation – both from live and deceased donors – has become a public health issue in the United States, as thousands of Americans die each year due to the lack of a needed transplant. The current policy basis for organ procurement is voluntarism as federal organ procurement policy, based on the 1984 National Organ Transplant Act (NOTA), prohibits the exchange of human organs for “valuable consideration.” While an increasing number of policy analysts, including some ethicists, have advocated for financial incentives to induce more donations, a variety of factors – such as the legislative status quo, ongoing ethical concerns, and uncertain public support – have resulted in little use of financial incentives. We argue that a better understanding of public opinion is an important prerequisite for any move toward the use of financial incentives. Consequently, we develop and test a model to explain individual level attitudes toward legalizing and regulating the sale of human organs for transplant. We find that political ideology, gender, age and geographic region are important predictors of support.