A general class of test statistics for Van Valen's Red Queen hypothesis

Van Valen's Red Queen hypothesis states that within a homogeneous taxonomic group the age is statistically independent of the rate of extinction. The case of the Red Queen hypothesis being addressed here is when the homogeneous taxonomic group is a group of similar species. Since Van Valen's work, various statistical approaches have been used to address the relationship between taxon age and the rate of extinction. We propose a general class of test statistics that can be used to test for the effect of age on the rate of extinction. These test statistics allow for a varying background rate of extinction and attempt to remove the effects of other covariates when assessing the effect of age on extinction. No model is assumed for the covariate effects. Instead we control for covariate effects by pairing or grouping together similar species. Simulations are used to compare the power of the statistics. We apply the test statistics to data on Foram extinctions and find that age has a positive effect on the rate of extinction. A derivation of the null distribution of one of the test statistics is provided in the supplementary material.     

原始宗教神话的回声——普希金小说《黑桃皇后》的神话诗学特征

《黑桃皇后》是普希金最著名的作品之一。传统的社会学批评方法难以全面理解小说高度凝练的情节结构和充满悬念与梦境和幻想的艺术魅力。神话理论和弗莱的神话原型批评方法能够透过扑克牌中的黑桃皇后、人物形象、情节发展等因素的表层,探寻到小说背后传来的人类社会童年时期的原始宗教神话的回声,领会到作品独特的神话诗学特征：神秘力量的信仰和对人的命运的影响以及善恶有报的观念、人物的原型意蕴以及悬念与意外、预感与征兆、幻觉与梦境、报应与劫运感等原始宗教神话成分对情节建构和表现主题的作用。     

读朱新天著《印度教万神殿艺术——印度王后井探秘》

朱新天博士的新著《印度教万神殿艺术——印度王后井探秘》,是她近20年来苦心研究印度艺术的结晶。该书已分别以中、英、法三种文字同时出版,在国际印度艺术研究领域产生了重要影响。     

唐高宗废立皇后事件新论

废立皇后是唐朝初期的一个重大政治事件。然而对这个事件的研究却不多。通过微观的内视与宏观的研究发现,这是一次由个人感情纠葛引起,进而转化为一场政治斗争的事件:唐高宗因私情而与武则天联结在一起;王皇后因与萧淑妃争宠而助高宗引武则天入宫;武则天因问鼎皇后宝座而使情感事件上升为政治事件;高宗的家事化处理因李义府之策而转化为国事化处理,又因李责力之言复回到家事化处理方式上来,最终确立了武则天的皇后地位。     

西王母神话的本土渊源

西王母神话来自西方,学界几无异词。西王母神话最早见于《山海经·大荒西经》,古人因西王母见于《大荒经》世界的西方,遂认定西王母为西土之神,这完全是误解。因《大荒经》世界并非像古人想当然地相信的那样,涵括整个九州方域,它所描述的仅仅是东夷文化区内一个方圆百里的地理范围,完全与西域无关。因此,西王母完全是东方本土文化的产物,源于东方的神仙道教信仰。     

“西王母”神话的原型解读及民俗学意义

"西王母"在中国古代历史和神话中是一位重要的传说人物,有关西王母的原型形象一直是人们讨论的一个话题.本文试图根据有限的文献资料,从语义分析和语源寻绎的方法入手,对西王母的原型形象以及神话中所反映的民俗事项等进行解读.     

Pierre Elliott Trudeau and Bill C-150: A Rational Approach to Homosexual Acts, 1968–69

Between 1968 and 1969, Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau sparked a controversy surrounding his liberal government's passage of Bill C-150, which not only decriminalized homosexual acts between consenting adults in private, but also polarized supporters of natural law and positive law. What tipped the balance in favor of a more secular analysis of homosexuality? In the post-World War II era, three events were particularly relevant to the successful passage of Bill C-150: the Kinsey (1948 Kinsey, A. C. 1948. Sexual behavior in the human male, Philadelphia: W.B. Sanders.  [Google Scholar]) studies, Britain's Wolfenden Report (1957), and the Supreme Court of Canada case Klippert v. The Queen (des Rivieres & Shipley, 1967 des Rivieres, F. and Shipley, M. 1967. “Canada law reports: The Supreme Court of Canada”. In Klippert v. The Queen, Ottawa: King's Printer.  [Google Scholar]). However, the Liberals, Conservatives, Social Credit Party, and the Ralliement Créditistes were all influenced by the social construction of inversion, openly expressing a Judeo-Christian natural law bias during Debates of the House of Commons (1968-69). Nonetheless, it was the Liberals that were identified as forces within Canadian politics that could separate legalism from moralism, even while retaining personal moral stances against homosexuals. It is this paradox that is often forgotten when discussing liberal policy in Canada during the late 1960s.     

低碳经济下企业生存的组织结构优化研究

红皇后理论研究了竞争逻辑变化下企业的生存与发展,证明了竞争对企业生存力的重要意义,特别强调了近期竞争经验对企业的正面作用。低碳经济给企业所处环境和竞争规则带来变化的同时,也带来了新的竞争逻辑。通过结合研究资源基础理论和组织理论,将环境职能部门交叉在其他部门流程中组成新的矩阵式组织结构,并将该结构通过红皇后理论加以验证。这种用组织创新来迎接新经济时代挑战的方式,是企业在低碳环境下提高自身竞争力的一种有效手段。     

神话昆仑与西王母原相

昆仑丘与西王母以及与之有关联的众多神话人物 ,构成中国神话的一个庞大家族。昆仑多义 ,大而别之 ,有地理昆仑与神话昆仑。本文所论 ,仅限于神话昆仑与山神西王母。　　 (一 )“神话昆仑”是一个有限制的概念。昆仑之丘是“帝之下都” ,是诸神聚集之山 ,如同聚集了众神的古希腊之奥林匹斯山。昆仑之丘又是“天地之脐”、“天之中柱” ,把天地连接起来。(二 )西王母的原相是昆仑山神。西王母居于玉山 ,穴居 ,其状如人 ,豹尾、虎齿而善啸 ,蓬发戴胜。其职司是刑杀之神。西王母又兼为古之医巫。(三 )西王母是昆仑之丘 (西王母之山 )的王者。她有自己的领地 ,显系一个原始部落的女头领 (酋长 )。     

北魏末年灵胡太后述论

北魏末年的灵胡太后临朝称制，宣告终结“立子杀母”制，她依靠汉化的宗室贵族，平息羽林、虎贲之乱，实行新的选举方法，稳定了政局，但她后期私欲极度膨胀，信任佞臣，甚至杀害自己的儿子孝明帝，引发了北魏末年政治的一大变局，即尔朱荣占领洛阳和“河阴之变”。