论西方政治哲学的理想社会观

本文以马克思主义理想社会观对西方政治哲学的理想社会观进行了评析,认为西方政治哲学的价值理性主义和人文主义是构建理想社会的政治思维,理想社会体现了智性主义和人文主义的政治传统,理想社会建构关注财产关系的安排,制度主义是西方政治哲学理想社会的生长点.     

理性极限及其突破断想

思维具有历史的特征.而理性思维只是人类思维的一个阶段.因此,理性思维及与之相对应的理性哲学都无法超越自身的历史局限.理性哲学缺失与当下生活的对应的根本原因就在于理性极限.而理性的偏见与虚妄的悲剧价值预设正是这种极限的表现.打破理性极限的前提是将理性还原于历史中并具体列出突破理性哲学的叙述方案.     

A Theory of Rational Choice under Ignorance

This paper contributes to a theory of rational choice for decision-makers with incomplete preferences due to partial ignorance, whose beliefs are representable as sets of acceptable priors. We focus on the limiting case of `Complete Ignorance' which can be viewed as reduced form of the general case of partial ignorance. Rationality is conceptualized in terms of a `Principle of Preference-Basedness', according to which rational choice should be isomorphic to asserted preference. The main result characterizes axiomatically a new choice-rule called `Simultaneous Expected Utility Maximization'. It can be interpreted as agreement in a bargaining game (Kalai-Smorodinsky solution) whose players correspond to the (extremal) `acceptable priors' among which the decision maker has suspended judgment. An essential but non-standard feature of Simultaneous Expected Utility choices is their dependence on the entire choice set. This is justified by the conception of optimality as compromise rather than as superiority in pairwise comparisons.     

Rhetoric or reality? An economic analysis of the effects of religion in Sweden

On the basis of simple rational-choice theory, it is argued that Christian religious involvement influences the divorce, abortion, non-payment, and children-born-out-of-wedlock rates negatively. This influence stems from an expectation that a god punishes certain forms of action and from social reprimands of devotees. Regression analysis is then used to test the theory in the case of Sweden in the year 1990, and the importance of religion, in its negative effect on all of these rates, is strongly confirmed. A particularly interesting result: the marginal effect on three of these rates of increasing the fraction of people active in the Church of Sweden is clearly larger than the marginal effect of increasing the fraction of more conservative free-church members.     

心理学对经济学的贡献

随着人类经济活动的日益丰富与多样化,以新古典理论为核心的主流经济学不断与现实经济世界产生矛盾与冲突,许多经济现象仅通过对理性人模型的量变扩张已无法解释。认知心理学的发展为经济学考察人类的经济行为提供了坚实的科学依据。被称作＂心理学的经济学＂的行为经济学,剥去了假设理性人光鲜的外衣,强调对行为的分析应以行为的真实心理形成机制为基础,不能以主观的先验假定为依据。行为经济学更适合对我国当前整体经济行为的深入研究。将个体行为纳入经济学分析体系,这对我国构建以人为本的和谐社会具有重要的现实意义。行为经济学修正了主流经济理论中＂自利人＂的假定,吸收社会心理学关于＂利他行为＂等研究成果,不仅与我国传统道德文化相吻合,对当前构建市场经济条件下社会主义核心价值体系更具借鉴意义。     

中国现代思想中的知识论:朝向一种新的整体

在西方话语中占优势地位的自然主义知识论的主题乃是在很大程度上独立于理解主体的外部世界(或客观实在)。中国传统知识论可以被称作关系知识论,因为它们关涉的主题是关系。这不但适用于否定实体观念的整体主义知识论,而且还适用于许多倡导在理解主体与理解客体间作出严格区分的现代理论。在这一方面,对中西传统知识理论作一比较分析也许不失为一种解决关于人类理解的性质与对实在的认知的某些基本问题的有益方法。     

直觉的辩证法--中国哲学思维的特征

直觉的辩证法是中国传统哲学的一大特征,它不像西洋哲学的逻辑辩证法那样追求严格推理,以证明概念的逻辑关系,而是追求一种精神境界,如儒家的"天人合一"、道家的"独与天地精神往来"、佛学的"般若智",都是要人超越有限的生命以达到无限的精神境界.宋明理学的儒、道、佛三教合一的心性修养和"仁者与天地万物一体"的精神,现代新儒家的直觉为体、理智为用都体现着一种重视宇宙人生的自觉精神.     

村民自治：农村基层权力合法性基础的合理调整

任何政治权力系统都必须建立在权力合法性基础之上 ,方可得以稳定和巩固。我国国家行政权力合法性的本质是权力来源于对人民利益的实现能力和程度。我国农村基层权力合法性基础经历了稳定、危机显现、合理调整的发展历程。     

澄怀味象——宗炳的本体论艺术直觉观

＂澄怀味象＂是宗炳在《画山水序》中提出的一个重要的艺术学、美学命题。＂澄怀＂是对老子＂涤除＂、庄子＂心斋＂与＂坐忘＂的审美心胸理论的继承,其涵义体现了宗炳对艺术直觉特征的确定;＂味象＂的涵义则体现出宗炳艺术直觉思想的本体论,从而揭示宗炳的艺术直觉思想在中国古代艺术直觉思想史上的地位。     

Lottomania and other anomalies in the market for lotto

This research is concerned with the determination of the demand for “lotto” in Israel. While an important focus of our research is upon the effects on the demand for lotto of ticket pricing and jackpot announcements, we also investigate several empirical phenomena that are apparently inconsistent with expected utility theory. These include an effect we call “lottomania” which is induced by rollover, and “prize fatigue” when the jackpot does not increase. Another aberration from expected utility theory is that the underlying odds of winning have no measurable effect on sales.