“社会企业”与“食物银行”:澳门特区的社会管理创新刍议

伴随着经济的飞速发展,社会管理体制绝不能产生任何滞后。随着经济社会各领域发生深刻地变化,由政府高度主导的社会管理模式亦需要与时俱进地创新。作为国家特别行政区之一的澳门,近年来在经济上取得长足发展、政府公共财政收入颇为理想的情况下,不断探索"以民为本"的社会管理模式,努力辅助弱势社群,解决社会问题,持续营造良好的社会环境,促进社会和谐。澳门特区近年来推出的"社会企业"和"食物银行",是澳门政府现阶段社会管理的着力举措,体现出澳门特区的社会管理体制创新的特点。     

论我国区际法律冲突问题及其解决

中国大陆与台湾地区、香港特别行政区和澳门特别行政区不同法律制度的存在造就了中国多法域的现状。各法域民商事交往的发展及利益冲突的产生引出了各法域法律的冲突问题。基于我国区际法律冲突的特点,这种冲突的解决将是一项长期的任务。目前只能依各法域的冲突法解决,但在解决区际法律冲突的冲突法的法律选择规则的确定上,应与国际冲突法的法律选择规则有所差别。此外,在对各法域的冲突法和实体法做充分的比较研究的基础上制定冲突法“示范法”和实体法“示范法”供各法域采用,是我国在今后相当长的时期内消除各法域法律冲突的有效途径。     

Social Amplification of Wildfire Risk: The Role of Social Interactions and Information Sources

Wildfire is a persistent and growing threat across much of the western United States. Understanding how people living in fire‐prone areas perceive this threat is essential to the design of effective risk management policies. Drawing on the social amplification of risk framework, we develop a conceptual model of wildfire risk perceptions that incorporates the social processes that likely shape how individuals in fire‐prone areas come to understand this risk, highlighting the role of information sources and social interactions. We classify information sources as expert or nonexpert, and group social interactions according to two dimensions: formal versus informal, and generic versus fire‐specific. Using survey data from two Colorado counties, we empirically examine how information sources and social interactions relate to the perceived probability and perceived consequences of a wildfire. Our results suggest that social amplification processes play a role in shaping how individuals in this area perceive wildfire risk. A key finding is that both “vertical” (i.e., expert information sources and formal social interactions) and “horizontal” (i.e., nonexpert information and informal interactions) interactions are associated with perceived risk of experiencing a wildfire. We also find evidence of perceived “risk interdependency”—that is, homeowners’ perceptions of risk are higher when vegetation on neighboring properties is perceived to be dense. Incorporating social amplification processes into community‐based wildfire education programs and evaluating these programs’ effectiveness constitutes an area for future inquiry.     

Small area estimation: the EBLUP estimator based on spatially correlated random area effects

This paper deals with small area indirect estimators under area level random effect models when only area level data are available and the random effects are correlated. The performance of the Spatial Empirical Best Linear Unbiased Predictor (SEBLUP) is explored with a Monte Carlo simulation study on lattice data and it is applied to the results of the sample survey on Life Conditions in Tuscany (Italy). The mean squared error (MSE) problem is discussed illustrating the MSE estimator in comparison with the MSE of the empirical sampling distribution of SEBLUP estimator. A clear tendency in our empirical findings is that the introduction of spatially correlated random area effects reduce both the variance and the bias of the EBLUP estimator. Despite some residual bias, the coverage rate of our confidence intervals comes close to a nominal 95%.     

SAR图像边缘检测方法综述

边缘检测是SAR图像解译的基本问题之一。固有的乘性噪声特性使得经典的梯度边缘检测方法并不适用于SAR图像,因此研究针对SAR图像的边缘检测方法具有重要的意义。本文对SAR图像边缘检测问题进行了系统的研究,简单描述了SAR图像边缘检测问题,讨论了现有的SAR图像边缘检测方法,总结了SAR图像边缘检测中存在的两个问题——边缘细化和边缘定位,对检测结果的性能评估方法也进行了概括。最后在总结现有研究成果的基础上展望了SAR图像边缘检测的发展方向。     

利用SPECAN算法的聚束SAR成像处理

讨论了距离向去调频聚束模式SAR信号的回波模型及特点,通过对聚束SAR信号的时、频域关系的分析,给出了适合去调频后的聚束SAR数据的成像算法。该算法结合了SPECAN算法高效和标准条带成像算法精确的优点,首先采用SPECAN算法对原始数据距离向去斜,其次采用距离-多普勒算法实现方位精确聚焦,与传统的距离-多普勒算法相比,成倍地降低处理的数据量,从而可实现聚束SAR的实时成像处理。对Ku波段实际飞行数据采用该算法压缩得到高分辨率的图像,验证了理论分析的正确性和所用方法的可行性。     

有监督的水平集高分辨SAR图像分割方法

针对基于统计模型的水平集SAR图像分割中参数估计耗时较多的问题,提出了一种有监督的高分辨SAR图像分割方法。该方法将Fisher分布和Gamma分布分别作为高分辨SAR图像的目标和背景统计模型,结合水平集方法推导了SAR图像分割水平集函数的能量泛函模型,通过最小化能量泛函得到曲线演化偏微分方程,实现对高分辨SAR图像的分割。试验结果表明,该方法对高分辨SAR图像具有强散射点的目标分割更完整,并且比无监督统计模型分割方法分割速度更快。     

结合相干系数的极化干涉SAR植被高度估计方法研究

阐述了极化干涉SAR成像技术的基本理论,分析了极化干涉SAR的植被散射模型和Cloude三阶段植被高度反演算法。因三阶段法采用多参数初值迭代求解方法,其运算量较大复杂性高,该文提出基于相干系数的高度估计方法。先用干涉相位估计植被高度,再由相干系数幅度估计植被高度对前面相位估计的高度进行补偿,既保证了一定植被高度估计精度,又大大减少了反演算法的运算量,最后用极化干涉SAR仿真数据验证了该方法的有效性。     

星载SAR数字信号处理及运动补偿

详细讨论了星载合成孔径雷达（ＳＡＲ）的数字信号处理算法及运动补偿。首先给出了星载ＳＡＲ，点目标的数学模型及成像处理流程，然后着重讨论了星载ＳＡＲ的运动补偿算法，即：多普勒质心及斜率的估计。最后利用Ｓｅａｓａｔ卫星原始数据进行成像处理并给出了处理结果。     

一种新的SAR图像Speckle滤波算法

详细分析了合成孔径雷达图像中相干斑的统计特性，提出了一种具有窗口自选功能的自适应相干斑滤波算法，并将该算法用于Ｓｅａｓａｔ－ＡＳＡＲ图像的滤波处理；并将滤波结果与Ｌｅｅ算法和Ｏｄｄｙ算法作了对比试验，其结果表明滤波性能优于Ｌｅｅ算法和Ｏｄｄｙ算法。