Validation of Nonparametric Two-sample Bootstrap in ROC Analysis on Large Datasets

The nonparametric two-sample bootstrap is applied to computing uncertainties of measures in receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis on large datasets in areas such as biometrics, speaker recognition, etc. when the analytical method cannot be used. Its validation was studied by computing the standard errors of the area under ROC curve using the well-established analytical Mann–Whitney statistic method and also using the bootstrap. The analytical result is unique. The bootstrap results are expressed as a probability distribution due to its stochastic nature. The comparisons were carried out using relative errors and hypothesis testing. These match very well. This validation provides a sound foundation for such computations.     

说话者意义的语用理解

说话者意义是语用范畴的意义。说话者意义存在话语意义或语境意义与交际意义两个层面。从这两个层面对说话者意义进行分析、解释和定义,可以帮助受话者准确理解、掌握说话者意义,从而使交际过程顺利进行。     

Open-Set Nearest Shrunken Centroid Classification

Nearest Shrunken Centroid (NSC) classification has proven successful in ultra-high-dimensional classification problems involving thousands of features measured on relatively few individuals, such as in the analysis of DNA microarrays. The method requires the set of candidate classes to be closed. However, open-set classification is essential in many other applications including speaker identification, facial recognition, and authorship attribution. The authors review closed-set NSC classification, and then propose a diagnostic for whether open-set classification is needed. The diagnostic involves graphical and statistical comparison of posterior predictions of the test vectors to the observed test vectors. The authors propose a simple modification to NSC that allows the set of classes to be open. The open-set modification posits an unobserved class with a distribution of features just barely consistent with the test sample. A tuning constant reflects the combined considerations of power, specificity, multiplicity, number of features, and sample size. The authors illustrate and investigate properties of the diagnostic test and open-set NSC classification procedure using several example data sets. The diagnostic and the open-set NSC procedures are shown to be useful for identifying vectors that are not consistent with any of the candidate classes.     

Generalized Verbal Behavior Increases Following a Speaker Immersion Intervention

A goal of behavior-analytic interventions is to produce behavior that is maintained under naturalistic conditions. In this experiment, we studied the effects of a speaker immersion protocol (SIP) on the number of speaker responses (tacts and mands) emitted by 3 preschool students under naturalistic, not directly targeted, conditions. During the SIP, the researchers provided 100 daily opportunities for the participants to emit mands using the target mand form by contriving establishing operations (EOs) throughout the school day. The effects of the intervention were evaluated using a multiple-probe design by measuring target mands during EO probe sessions and the number of mands and tacts emitted during noninstructional-setting probe sessions. The researchers found that the SIP produced increases in both targeted and generalized verbal behavior.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s40616-020-00133-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

民航维修出版物的翻译--从ATA-2200规范谈起

民航维修出版物的撰写有其独特特点：标准、规范、简单、清晰、单义、一致。在翻译过程中为达到准确、惟一、无歧义的翻译效果,译者一定要根据美国航空运输协会相关规范去探究原文的准确含义,然后再进行翻译。以某维修基地因对维修手册理解不当进行误译最终导致维修事故为例,对美国航空运输协会ATA-2200规范进行分析,发现民航维修出版物的翻译过程中存在译者对维护手册的语言性质了解不深等问题,提出了应结合ATA-2200规范进行航空出版物翻译。     

礼貌研究的新视角—说话人的面子需求——基于《茶馆》人物对话的语料研究

在国内外礼貌现象的研究中说话人面子几乎被忽略。本文以话剧《茶馆》中的人物对话为语料,对说话人自身的面子需求和其为维护自身面子需求所采取的言语策略进行专门研究,以探讨说话人的面子需求与言语礼貌之间的关系。经对语料进行定性研究发现,说话人对自身面子的考虑会影响整个话语交际的礼貌程度。对说话人自身面子需求进行深入研究有助于我们更全面地剖析礼貌现象。     

从说话人-听话人角度谈明示-推理和成功交际

本文从交际一词出发,引出交际的两个关键因素即说话人和听话人。然后以此为主线,论证了Sperber＆Wilson在关联理论中提出的明示推理模式抓住了交际的两个关键因素,如何实现成功交际的,因为他们认为明示与推理是交际的两个方面,而明示是说话人的明白无误的示意过程,推理是听话人的推理过程,进而阐释了明示推理模式的积极意义;通过对说话人和听话人逻辑思维过程的分析,指出其理论的其不足之处。