Estimation of Metabolic Rate Constants in PBPK‐Models from Liver Slice Experiments: What Are the Experimental Needs?

A mechanistic model is presented describing the clearance of a compound in a precision-cut liver slice that is incubated in a culture medium. The problem of estimating metabolic rate constants in PBPK models from liver slice experiments is discussed using identifiability analysis. From the identifiability problem analysis, it appears that in addition to the clearance, the compound's free fraction in the slice and the diffusion rate of the exchange of the compound between culture medium and liver slice should be identified. In addition, knowledge of the culture medium volume, the slice volume, the compound's free fraction, and octanol-water-based partition between medium and slice is presupposed. The formal solution for identification is discussed from the perspective of experimental practice. A formally necessary condition for identification is the sampling of parent compound in liver slice or culture medium. However, due to experimental limitations and errors, sampling the parent compound in the slice together with additional sampling of metabolite pooled from the medium and the slice is required for identification in practice. Moreover, it appears that identification results are unreliable when the value of the intrinsic clearance exceeds the value of the diffusion coefficient, a condition to be verified a posteriori.     

隐私与隐私权探析

隐私是一种客观事实,具有客观性、相对性、非关联性、非褒贬性四个特征。认定隐私的标准是是否与他人利益和公共利益相关,这是一个客观的标准并不包括权利主体“不愿公开”的主观因素。隐私权是一种支配权,它包括隐私隐瞒权、隐私利用权、隐私维护权和隐私支配权四项权能。坚持隐私认定的客观标准,隐私权与知情权之间并不存在实质性的冲突。     

谈应用写作的规范性

应用写作,探讨的是各种应用文的写法,必须以规范化的语言、整洁美观的文面去表现内容,方能收到最佳的表达效果。     

Chinese version of the OSI: A validation study

This article examines the construct validity of the Occupational Stress Indicator (OSI) in its Chinese version as well as its criterion-oriented validity against self-reported data on absenteeism and accidents, using a final sample of 1054 workers in the Chinese manufacturing and power industries. The divergent and convergent validities of five of the OSI scales—Job satisfaction, Physical ill-health, Mental ill-health, Type A behaviour and Control—were examined by a multimethod-multitrait matrix technique. Results indicated that the Chinese OSI had fairly good validity in relation to other well-established measures as well as relevant organizational behaviours.     

进入权与组织控制

本文深入讨论了R-Z理论的两个核心概念:进入权和人力资本专用性投资,指出进入权的配置过程伴随着代理人进行专用性投资和委托人持续控制的过程,而组织控制构成了委托人对进入权配置过程进行持续控制的基础。委托人必须借助组织控制限制代理人的讨价还价能力,一个关键途径就是减弱代理人拥有的不对称信息优势。     

Construction of balanced incomplete block designs with partial cycles of blocks

When considering systems statisfying balanced incomplete block design structure, one is interested only in distinct configurations in the sense of isomorphism. We have determined additional non-isomorphic solutions to designs with previously established solutions through consideration of automorphism groups. This effort utilizes a classic technique of direct construction, namely, symmetrically repeated differences, modified slightly when constucting designs with partial cycles of blocks. To determine te base blocks, we utilize the computer to expedite some formidable enumeration     

Deactivating the Buttons: Integrating Radical Exposure Tapping with a Family Therapy Framework

The purpose of this paper is to describe and illustrate with case examples a brief intervention termed Radical Exposure Tapping (RET). RET can be integrated with family therapy to address stuck points where the therapy is hindered by a family member's affective block, an intense and unchangeable emotional reactivity to a specific trigger. RET draws from the methodology of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and combines it with the tapping sequence of the Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) to produce an intervention that is more flexible than EMDR, provides greater rigor than using the EFT technique alone and can be effective in a single session within the context of family therapy. The paper puts this work into context by first over viewing definitions of trauma and Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder, arguing that family members' emotional reactivity may be a symptom of PTSD even when they would not qualify for the diagnosis because they had not experienced a life threatening event.     

阿拉伯伦理学

伊斯兰教前阿拉伯人的伦理道德是由他们生活的自然条件和沙漠社会所决定的 ,是一种不自觉的自然状态 ;阿拉伯人接受伊斯兰教信仰后 ,在人生观、宇宙观、生死观等诸多意识形态领域内的认识发生了重大的变化 ,发生了质的飞跃 ,这时候的伦理道德是一种自觉的理性表现。伊斯兰的基本信仰———确信真主及其使者———就成了伊斯兰道德的基础 ,一切言行都要按照真主的命令认真去做。阿拉伯伊斯兰伦理在道德与行为 (工作、弃恶从善、履行诺言等 )、道德与修养 (容忍、宽恕、平等、民主等 )、主张男女平等、维护妇女权益以及与现代文明关系诸多方面 ,都表现出了它独有的特征     

三次思想解放高潮及其历史启示

中国２０年改革开放的历史进程,首先是在实践基础上不断解放思想的进程。以真理标准讨论、邓小平南方谈话和中共十五大为标志的三次思想解放高潮,不仅深刻反映了改革开放２０年历史性转变的基本线索,而且也为我们面向２１世纪推进全面改革提供了深刻的历史启示：冲破教条主义的禁锢,是解放思想的首要内容;一切从社会主义初级阶段的基本国情出发,是解放思想的客观依据;坚持“三个有利于”标准,是解放思想的根本途径;深化对“什么是社会主义”问题的认识,是解放思想的关键环节;排除右和“左”的干扰,致力于防“左”,是解放思想的主要任务