Perceptions of charisma from thin slices of behavior predict leadership prototypicality judgments

Signaling theory suggests that people use cues transmitted by leaders to form impressions of charisma but the validity of these impressions remains unexplored. Here, we examined whether perceptions of charisma from thin slices of nonverbal behavior relate to inferences based on more information. We tested whether ratings of charisma from 5-, 15-, and 30-s clips (with no audio) of speakers delivering a message predicted evaluations of vision articulation and leadership prototypicality made from 60-s multimedia clips (with audio). The results indicated that thin-slice charisma judgments predicted the criterion scores for leadership prototypicality but not vision articulation from all of the 5-, 15-, and 30-s silent clips. The current data therefore suggest that thin slices of charisma can be valid indicators of leadership.     

Brief Report: Thin Slices of Racial Bias

The present work examined the detection of racial bias through thin slices of nonverbal behavior. Thirty Black and 30 White American judges rated the nonverbal behavior displayed by White individuals from 20-seconds of silent videotape of an interaction with either a Black or a White confederate. Correlations between judges nonverbal ratings and targets scores on a response latency measure of racial bias (i.e., Implicit Association Test, IAT) as well as on a self-report racial bias measure (i.e., Affective Prejudice Scale) were obtained. Results revealed that relative to White judges, Black judges nonverbal behavioral ratings were better predictors of both White individuals IAT and explicit racial bias scores, but only if those targets were engaged in an interracial dyad. The results are consistent with recent research finding that subtle forms of racial bias leak through nonverbal behavior, as well as with work noting the predictive accuracy of judgments made from thin-slices of nonverbal behavior.Jennifer A. Richeson and J. Nicole Shelton. Jennifer A. Richeson, Dartmouth College; J. Nicole Shelton, Princeton University. This research was supported by a Rockefeller Center Faculty Fellowship from Dartmouth College awarded to JR, as well as a research grant from Princeton University awarded to JNS. We thank Sue Paik, Lisa Pugh, Kurt Peters, and Leigh Poretzky for help with data collection and stimulus preparation.     

金沙遗址出土玉琮探析

到的山西龙山文化的陶寺遗址、安徽潜山薛家岗文化遗址等都出土有玉琮;远至广东的曲江石峡遗址也发现有玉琮和石琮。此后在夏商周时期,玉琮流行的范围更加广阔,但玉琮的形制与纹饰风格已发生了一些变化,如河南偃师二里头遗址出土有1件残玉琮,河南安阳殷墟妇好墓出土有1 4件玉琮,江西新干大洋洲商墓出土有1件玉琮,广汉三星堆遗址也出土有玉琮。2 0世纪初以来发现的有些玉琮还流散到了国外。美国的罗越(MaxLoehr)在1 975年出版的哈佛大学福格美术馆所藏中国玉器图录中著录了7件玉琮,其中2件断代为商,另外5件为西周、西周晚期或东周玉琮。这些…     

药物对小鼠胃片GABA摄取的影响

本文应用同位素示踪技术和离体孵育小鼠胃片的方法,探讨了与调节胃功能活动的GABA相关的药物对胃片摄取GABA的影响。实验显示,GABA-T抑制剂AOAA在低剂量时(1～5mmol·L~(-1))可抑制胃片摄取GABA(P<0.01),而高剂量时(10mmol·L~(-1))能促进GABA摄取(P<0.05)。蝇(?)醇(Muscimol),是一种GABA_A受体激动剂,0.5μg·ml~(-1)时能促进胃片摄取GABA(P<0.01)。胆碱能神经M型受体阻断剂阿托品(0.01～0.25mg·ml~(-1))能抑制胃片摄取GABA(P<0.01)。盐酸(0.01～0.05N)和胃蛋白酶(0.05～1mg·ml~(-1))二者都能促进胃片摄取GABA(P<0.05或0.01)。这些结果提示:胃的GABA摄取系统可能有一种负反馈式自身调节机制。即当GABA调节胃功能活动增强时,它会加速GABA摄取,结果是尽快地终止GABA对胃的效应;相反当GABA调节胃功能活动减弱时,可抑制GABA摄取,结果是保持GABA对胃的作用,从而维持胃功能的稳态。     

预处理和速冻贮藏对马铃薯片质构特性的影响

质地特性是评估冻制马铃薯片质量优劣的重要指标。本文研究了漂烫、速冻和玻璃化贮藏对马铃薯片质地特性和细菌结构的影响,发现６５℃漂烫３ｍｉｎ对马铃薯片质地影响较小,其细胞结构保持较完好;速冻过程会大幅度地降低马铃薯片的质地,其细胞结构受损严重;在玻璃化温度以下（－２５℃）贮藏的马铃薯片地质地有小幅下降,其细胞结构也会进一步遭受破坏,本实验发现速冻过程是引起冻制马铃薯片质地下降的主要原因,在速冻和贮藏过     

In the eye of the beholder? An eye-tracking experiment on emergent leadership in team interactions

Integrating evolutionary signaling theory with a social attention approach, we argue that individuals possess a fast, automated mechanism for detecting leadership signals in fellow humans that is reflected in higher visual attention toward emergent leaders compared to non-leaders. To test this notion, we first videotaped meetings of project teams and collected leadership ratings for the team members from three rating sources. Second, we provided 18 naïve observers with 42 brief, muted video clips of the team meetings and analyzed their eye gazing patterns. Observers gazed at emergent leaders more often, and for an average longer duration, than at non-leaders. Gender effects occurred such that male emergent leaders received a higher number of fixations than female emergent leaders. Non-verbal behavior analysis indicated that emergent leaders showed a higher amount of active gestures and less passive facial expressions than non-leaders. We discuss theoretical and methodological directions for emergent leadership research in teams.     

Personal charisma: Immediate or gradual? How long does it take to judge?

Personal charisma can be defined as the perceived ability of an individual to be a good communicator who is inspiring and visionary, is honest and reliable, attracts other people's attention and is dominant in uncertain situations. Students judged their teacher's charisma after knowing her for just 3 min and then again at the end of the semester. The results indicated that subjects changed their opinions on four out of six dimensions of charisma.     

小鼠胃切片的~3H-GABA摄取及四种胃溃疡诱因物对摄取的影响

本工作在体外培育小白鼠胃切片,并应用同位素示踪法试验了胃片组织对~3H-GABA的摄取以及探讨乙醇、盐酸、氢氧化钠和消炎痛四种胃溃疡诱因物对其摄取的影响。结果表明,在37℃通有95％O_2和5％CO_2的混合气体的Krebs-Henseleitbicarbonate培育液(PH7.4)中培育的胃片能摄取外界~3H-GABA,并表明对~3H-GABA的摄取是浓度依赖的、可饱和的。上述四种致溃疡因子对胃片摄取~3H-GABA均有明显的抑制效应。可以推测,这四种因子在抑制GABA摄取后,可能使释放在GABA库外的GABA效应持续并增强,从而通过改变胃泌素和前列腺素的分泌水平,使胃酸分泌过多,而胃粘液和HCO_3分泌过少,破坏了胃粘膜屏障,导致胃溃疡。     

Guessing Teachers’ Differential Treatment Of High- And Low-Achievers From Thin Slices Of Their Public Lecturing Behavior

Groups of high school students and adults viewed 10-second clips of 28 unfamiliar teachers nonverbal behavior in public lecturing to their entire classrooms, and were asked to guess how these teachers would usually behave differently toward high- versus low-achievers in normal classroom dyadic interaction. The judges did not view any teacher–student interaction. As hypothesized, the students significantly (r = 0.40) predicted teachers differential behavior (TDB) as evaluated by the actual classroom students of those teachers, whereas adult judges could not guess TDB from the clips. The TDB guesses of the two groups of judges were unrelated to each other. Students expertise and implicit knowledge about covariation between distinct aspects of teacher behavior likely reflects a combination of cognitive and motivational factors, not shared by adult judges.Thanks are extended to Miri Avneri-Cohen for her helpful assistance; to Avraham Lifschitz for providing the high school sample; to Yaakov Kareev for his advice; to Mosko Alkalai for his insight; and, as usual, to Dinah Avni-Babad for her help and participation. The author is also thankful to the Editor and two anonymous Reviewers for helpful advice and suggestions.This research was partially supported by United States - Israel Binational Science Foundation Grant 1997053 to Elisha Babad and Robert Rosenthal.