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1.
《Journal of Policy Modeling》2022,44(1):203-221
Poor quality of care may have a detrimental effect on access and take-up and can become a serious barrier to the universality of health services. This consideration is of particular interest in view of the fact that health systems in many countries must address a growing public-sector deficit and respond to increasing pressures due to COVID-19 and aging population, among other factors. In line with a rapidly emerging literature, we focus on patient satisfaction as a proxy for quality of health care. Drawing on rich longitudinal and cross-sectional data for Spain and multilevel estimation techniques, we show that in addition to individual level differences, policy levers (such as public health spending and the patient-doctor ratio, in particular) exert a considerable influence on the quality of a health care system. Our results suggest that policymakers seeking to enhance the quality of care should be cautious when compromising the level of health resources, and in particular, health personnel, as a response to economic downturns in a sector that traditionally had insufficient human resources in many countries, which have become even more evident in the light of the current health crisis. Additionally, we provide evidence that the increasing reliance on the private health sector may be indicative of inefficiencies in the public system and/or the existence of features of private insurance which are deemed important by patients. 相似文献
2.
Bias Correction in the Dynamic Panel Data Model with a Nonscalar Disturbance Covariance Matrix 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Maurice J. G. Bun 《Econometric Reviews》2003,22(1):29-58
Approximation formulae are developed for the bias of ordinary and generalized Least Squares Dummy Variable (LSDV) estimators in dynamic panel data models. Results from Kiviet [Kiviet, J. F. (1995), on bias, inconsistency, and efficiency of various estimators in dynamic panel data models, J. Econometrics68:53-78; Kiviet, J. F. (1999), Expectations of expansions for estimators in a dynamic panel data model: some results for weakly exogenous regressors, In: Hsiao, C., Lahiri, K., Lee, L-F., Pesaran, M. H., eds., Analysis of Panels and Limited Dependent Variables, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 199-225] are extended to higher-order dynamic panel data models with general covariance structure. The focus is on estimation of both short- and long-run coefficients. The results show that proper modelling of the disturbance covariance structure is indispensable. The bias approximations are used to construct bias corrected estimators which are then applied to quarterly data from 14 European Union countries. Money demand functions for M1, M2 and M3 are estimated for the EU area as a whole for the period 1991: I-1995: IV. Significant spillovers between countries are found reflecting the dependence of domestic money demand on foreign developments. The empirical results show that in general plausible long-run effects are obtained by the bias corrected estimators. Moreover, finite sample bias, although of moderate magnitude, is present underlining the importance of more refined estimation techniques. Also the efficiency gains by exploiting the heteroscedasticity and cross-correlation patterns between countries are sometimes considerable. 相似文献
3.
A striking characteristic of recent Western labour market trends is the rise in employment among mothers of very young children. So far, few studies have analysed the impact of public policies on employment rates of young mothers. In this study we address this issue by comparing two similar countries, Norway and Sweden, which have the same set of policies with slight variations, using data sets with similar designs. We analyse rates of re-entry into paid work after first birth for mothers in 1968–88 by means of hazard regression. One important finding is that the right to paid maternity leave with jobsecurity greatly speeds up the return to work.We want to thank Jan Kowalski for programming assistence and the Swedish Research Council for the Social Sciences and the Swedish Council for Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences for financial support for the Swedish study. We are grateful to John F. Ermisch, Siv Gustafsson, to two anonymous referees and to colleagues at the Demography Unit for valuable comments. Responsible editors. Siv S. Gustafsson, John F. Ermisch. 相似文献
4.
This paper develops a model ofinter vivos gifts and bequests in a setting of moral hazard and adverse selection. Altruistic parents do not perfectly know how much effort their children make to earn their living, nor do they know their true level of ability.Inter vivos gifts take place prior to the realization of the children's earnings whereas at the moment of bequests, parents do observe them. We show that an optimal transfer policy generally uses a mix ofinter vivos gifts — deemed as more efficient — and bequests — deemed as more redistributive.We are thankful to Allessandro Cigno, Jacques Cremer, Claude d Aspremont and anonymous referees for their comments.Responsible editor: Alessandro Cigno 相似文献
5.
This paper models household fertility decisions by using a generalized Poisson regression model. Since the fertility data
used in the paper exhibit under-dispersion, the generalized Poisson regression model has statistical advantages over both
standard Poisson and negative binomial regression models, and is suitable for analysis of count data that exhibit either over-dispersion
or under-dispersion. The model is estimated by the method of maximum likelihood. Approximate tests for the dispersion and
goodness-of-fit measures for comparing alternative models are discussed. Based on observations from the Panel Study of Income
Dynamics of 1989 interviewing year, the empirical results support the fertility hypothesis of Becker and Lewis (1973).
Received January 7, 1997 /Accepted April 3, 1997 相似文献
6.
François Bourguignon 《Journal of population economics》1999,12(4):503-521
The collective approach to household consumption behavior tries to infer from variables supposed to affect the general bargaining
position of household members information on the allocation of consumptions goods and tasks among them. This paper investigates
the extension of previous work to the case where children may be considered as a public consumption good by the two adult
members of a household. The main question being asked is whether it is possible to retrieve from the aggregate consumption
behaviour of the household and the relative earnings of the parents information on the allocation of goods between them and
children. This alternative approach to the estimation of the ‘cost of children’ is contrasted with the conventional approach
based on a ‘unitary’ representation of and demographic separability assumptions on household consumption behaviour.
Received: 29 August 1997/Accepted: 26 November 1998 相似文献
7.
The aim of this study is to estimate the effect of education on the probability of married Malawian women using modern contraceptive methods by accounting for both observed and unobserved confounders. We conduct a sensitivity analysis and compare the results of naive models with instrumental variable models to account for the potential endogeneity of education. Our findings demonstrate conflicting results between the two modelling approaches. The naive models report smaller education effects on the probability of using modern contraceptive methods compared to instrumental variable models. We also find that by relaxing the functional form assumption on the effect of continuous covariates, using a flexible instrumental variable model, the education's effect follows a positive, nonlinear pattern. This finding is not observed with a classic instrumental variable model. 相似文献
8.
葛世伦 《盐城工学院学报(社会科学版)》2016,29(3):1-6
《盐城工学院“十三五”事业发展规划》将“特色鲜明的高水平应用型大学”确定为自身转型发展目标,在紧密对接地方产业链、创新链中错位发展,凝练“特色”;在全面支撑服务区域经济社会中彰显“高水平”。高水平应用型大学建设,涉及高校治理结构、专业体系、课程教学、师资结构等各个方面的变革,但其瓶颈依然是教育观念、人才资源、办学经费等问题。作为一所地方应用型本科高校,盐城工学院必须紧紧围绕“地方性、应用型、特色化”,努力突破发展瓶颈,积极探索具有自身特色的应用型大学建设与发展之路。 相似文献
9.
We use cross-national data on 26 EU countries to estimate how parenthood contributes to the gender wage gap, and assess how institutional elements affect this relationship. We find that irrespective of cultural norms and policies, fathers receive a wage premium, which increases the gender gap. Motherhood gaps vary across countries. The highest gaps are seen in Eastern European countries, where policies and norms lead to long absences from work. Moderate to small penalties are found in Continental Europe, Anglo-Saxon and Nordic countries, alongside higher maternal employment. No motherhood penalties are found for Southern EU countries, where mothers return to work quickly or exit the labor market indefinitely. 相似文献
10.
《Journal of Policy Modeling》2020,42(3):583-596
We analyze the Russian restriction on chicken imports as an example of a non-tariff barrier (NTB). Cointegration test results support the hypothesis that the NTB limited trade. We calibrate an equilibrium market model to cointegration results to assess the market impact. The tariff equivalent of the Russian chicken NTB is estimated to be 30 − 40% depending on the representation of consumer demand. Removing the NTB decreases domestic production by 4–5% and domestic price by 27%–34%, while imports increase by 326–423 thousand tons annually in 2015–2019. 相似文献