部分状态可见的隐马尔可夫模型状态序列的估计方法

本文考虑了部分状态可见的隐马尔可夫模型的状态序列估计问题,在分析了现有算法无法合理估计状态路径之后,以状态转移概率、观测概率和可见状态作为先验信息,通过贝叶斯分析计算可见状态前后向状态的后验概率,并给出初始条件和递推公式,运用动态规划递推得到每个观测值对应的最可能状态以及最可能的状态路径。最后,本文给出一个系统故障识别的应用例子,验证了所设计算法的可行性。     

Churning races in Canada: Visible minority response change between 2006 and 2011

Why do most people have stable responses to census race questions, while some do not? Using linked Canadian data, we examine personal, social, and economic characteristics that predict response stability as White or as one of six large visible minority groups, versus a change in response to/from White or to/from another visible minority group. Response change rates in Canada are generally comparable to those in the US, UK, and New Zealand. Likely reflecting the centuries-old hegemony of Whites in these countries, White is the most stable response group in Canada as well as the US, UK, and New Zealand. Multiple-race response groups are among the newest and least stable response groups. Social statuses and experiences (mixed ethnic heritage, immigration status, and exposure to own-group members) are generally more predictive of race response stability and change than economic (income level and change in income) or personal statuses (education, age). This highlights the socially-constructed nature of race group boundaries. Joining and leaving a group are often predicted by the same status/characteristic and in the same direction, hinting that the status/characteristic adds complexity to the race-related experiences of constituents.     

简论品牌附加值的决定因素、作用范围和基础

本文通过对有关品牌附加值的案例分析，系统论述了有关品牌附加值的决定因素、作用范围和基础，这对各类企业如何更好地实施品牌战略具有指导性意义。     

Recognizing difference: in/visibility in the everyday life of individuals with facial limb absence

People who lack part(s) of their face have a visibly different appearance both due to their facial difference itself and the medical aids that they use to cover it (e.g. prostheses, bandages). In this article, we draw on interviews with affected individuals in order to investigate how visible difference features in their everyday experience. The visibility of their facial difference, we show, comes into play as they interact with various others in the contexts of their daily life. However, respondents’ visibility manifests in different ways, depending on whether they cover or uncover their facial difference. These different modes of visibility make for distinct ‘visibility experiences’, as participants meet others who notice – or fail to notice – their atypical appearance. By exploring these experiences, our article provides insights into the role of visibility in interviewees’ everyday life, and demonstrates how they actively negotiate their social recognition within encounters with various others.     

柏拉图"洞喻"问题再认识

以柏拉图哲学中的人论为背景,比较学术界对于“洞喻”中各个象征性细节描写的不同解释,可以发现他们所存在的偏颇。对于“洞喻”中所描绘的洞穴“内部”与“外部”,即关于“洞内”与“洞外”的场景设置,应该理解为那是人所拥有的“现实”与“理想”的两种世界的隐喻。在“洞喻”里,他构筑了与现实世界相对应的另一个世界——理想(真实)的世界,并以此作为人类追求的最高目的。而他的哲学,就是阐述这两个世界究竟是怎样关系的一种哲学。     

信息化时代大学生思想政治工作有形化初探

信息化时代,大学生思想政治工作面临新的机遇和挑战。高校必须加强和改进大学生思想政治工作的方法和手段,加强网络思想教育、做好网络平台建设,开展系统有效的心理咨询活动,依托社团开展校园文化建设,使大学生思想政治工作有形化,从而增强思想政治教育的实效性。     

产品设计中的空间概念

产品作为实体必然要占据一定的空间.实体存在的意义就在于它构筑了具有实际功能的空间.如果说空间特性的区别从最本质上讲可以用可视性加以概括,那么实用空间与意象空间的共存将使产品设计中空间的划分进一步深化.产品的空间设定和产品的形态、功能有着密不可分的关系.     

A complicated passport: racialized realities and lessons from visible minority women teachers

This article presents key findings derived from the experiences of visible minority woman as teachers in Canada, whose lived realities reveal myriad instances of compromise. The ethnic, cultural and racial diversity among teachers is an area that has garnered attention as it pertains to equitable work environments, teacher–student relations, and multicultural education. The challenges and responsibility of representing one’s racialized identity, ethnicity, culture, and religion while finding oneself marginalized within mainstream populace is critically examined through their narratives and reflexivity. In instances of blatant discrimination, bridging the public and private sphere, to moments of fulfillment, the resilience of these women is a defining factor of their success within adversity. Through their experiences there is opportunity to inform and advance the notions of diversity, representation, and distinctiveness of teachers in educational settings and the impact this has on an intercontinental symbol of society values in education.     

Glass Ceilings or Glass Doors? Wage Disparity Within and Between Firms

We investigate whether immigrant and minority workers’ poor access to high-wage jobs—that is, glass ceilings—is attributable to poor access to jobs in high-wage firms, a phenomenon we call glass doors. Our analysis uses linked employer–employee data to measure mean and quantile-wage differentials of immigrants and ethnic minorities, both within and across firms. We find that glass ceilings exist for some immigrant groups, and that they are driven in large measure by glass doors. For some immigrant groups, the sorting of these workers across firms accounts for as much as half of the economy-wide wage disparity they face. This article has the supplement materials online.